Methods and compositions for making antibodies and antibody derivatives with reduced core fucosylation

ABSTRACT

The invention provides methods and compositions for preparing antibodies and antibody derivatives with reduced core fucosylation.

CROSS-REFERENCES TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Ser. No. 61/050,173 filed May 2, 2008; U.S. Ser. No. 61/092,700 filed Aug. 28, 2008; and U.S. Ser. No. 61/107,289 filed Oct. 21, 2008, the contents of each are incorporated herein by reference.

STATEMENT AS TO RIGHTS TO INVENTIONS MADE UNDER FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT

Not Applicable

REFERENCE TO A “SEQUENCE LISTING,” A TABLE, OR A COMPUTER PROGRAM LISTING APPENDIX SUBMITTED ON A COMPACT DISK

Not Applicable

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Recombinant therapeutic proteins are produced by many different methods. One preferred method is production of recombinant proteins from mammalian host cell lines. Cell lines, such as Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells, are engineered to express the therapeutic protein of interest. Different cell lines have advantages and disadvantages for recombinant protein production, including protein characteristics and productivity. Selection of a cell line for commercial production often balances the need for high productivity with the ability to deliver consistent product quality with the attributes required of a given product. One important class of therapeutic recombinant proteins that require consistent, high quality characteristics and high titer processes are monoclonal antibodies.

Monoclonal antibodies produced in mammalian host cells can have a variety of post-translational modifications, including glycosylation. Monoclonal antibodies, such as IgG1s, have an N-linked glycosylation site at asparagine 297 (Asn297) of each heavy chain (two per intact antibody). The glycans attached to Asn297 on antibodies are typically complex biantennary structures with very low or no bisecting N-acetylglucosamine (bisecting GlcNAc) with low amounts of terminal sialic acid and variable amounts of galactose. The glycans also usually have high levels of core fucosylation. Reduction of core fucosylation in antibodies has been shown to alter Fc effector functions, in particular Fcgamma receptor binding and ADCC activity. This observation has lead to interest in the engineering cell lines so they produce antibodies with reduced core fucosylation.

Methods for engineering cell lines to reduce core fucosylation included gene knock-outs, gene knock-ins and RNA interference (RNAi). In gene knock-outs, the gene encoding FUT8 (alpha 1,6-fucosyltransferase enzyme) is inactivated. FUT8 catalyzes the transfer of a fucosyl residue from GDP-fucose to position 6 of Asn-linked (N-linked) GlcNac of an N-glycan. FUT8 is reported to be the only enzyme responsible for adding fucose to the N-linked biantennary carbohydrate at Asn297. Gene knock-ins add genes encoding enzymes such as GNTIII or a golgi alpha mannosidase II. An increase in the levels of such enzymes in cells diverts monoclonal antibodies from the fucosylation pathway (leading to decreased core fucosylation), and having increased amount of bisecting N-acetylglucosamines. RNAi typically also targets FUT8 gene expression, leading to decreased mRNA transcript levels or knock out gene expression entirely.

Alternatives to engineering cell lines include the use of small molecule inhibitors that act on enzymes in the glycosylation pathway. Inhibitors such as catanospermine act early in the glycosylation pathway, producing antibodies with immature glycans (e.g., high levels of mannose) and low fucosylation levels. Antibodies produced by such methods generally lack the complex N-linked glycan structure associated with mature antibodies.

In contrast, the present invention provides small molecule fucose analogs for use in producing recombinant antibodies that have complex N-linked glycans, but have reduced core fucosylation.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The invention provides methods and compositions for preparing antibodies and antibody derivatives with reduced core fucosylation. The methods and compositions are premised in part on the unexpected results presented in the Examples showing that culturing host cells, expressing an antibody or antibody derivative, in the presence of a fucose analog (having formula I, II, III, IV, V or VI) produces an antibody having reduced core fucosylation (i.e., reduced fucosylation of N-acetylglucosamine of the complex N-glycoside-linked sugar chains bound to the Fc region through the N-acetylglucosamine of the reducing terminal of the sugar chains). Such antibodies and antibody derivatives may exhibit increased effector function (ADCC), as compared with antibodies or antibody derivatives produced from such host cells cultured in the absence of the fucose analog.

In another aspect, compositions of antibodies and antibody derivatives are provided. The antibodies and antibody derivatives can be produced by the methods described herein.

In another aspect, fucose analogs are provided. The fucose analogs can be added to mammalian cell culture media to inhibit or reduce core fucosylation. Also provided is cell culture media comprising an effective amount of such a fucose analog(s).

These and other aspects of the present invention may be more fully understood by reference to the following detailed description, non-limiting examples of specific embodiments, and the appended figures.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows an analysis (electropherograms) of glycans isolated from an anti-CD 70 antibody (h1F6) produced from control (A) and alkynyl fucose peracetate (AlkF)-treated host cells (B and C). The panels show the identity and relative distribution of glycans. “G0” refers to the carbohydrate structure where there is no galactose at the two non-reducing termini. “G1” refers to a carbohydrate structure where one of the non-reducing termini has a galactose (a mixture of two isomers). “G2” refers to a carbohydrate structure where both of the non-reducing termini have a galactose. “G0-F” refers to a carbohydrate structure where there is no galactose at either of the two non-reducing termini and there is no core fucosylation. Panel 1A: glycans isolated from control (untreated) h1F6 antibody. Panel 1B: glycans isolated from h1F6 antibodies expressed in the presence of 50 μm alkynyl fucose peracetate. Panel 1C: glycans isolated from h1F6 antibodies expressed in the presence of 50 μm alkynyl fucose peracetate and treated with β-galactosidase to remove galactose from the G1 and G2 glycans.

FIG. 2 shows the results of effector function assays (ADCC) with antibodies produced from host cells cultured in the presence of alkynyl fucose peracetate (AlkF). Specific lysis of control anti-CD70 antibody (shaded circles), anti-CD70 antibody from host cells cultured in the presence of 50 μM and 100 μM AlkF (open circles and triangles, respectively) and nonbinding control IgG (shaded diamonds) was determined by ⁵¹Cr release assay. CD70+786-0 target cells were mixed with NK-enriched PBMCs at an effector to target ratio of 10:1.

FIG. 3 shows the results of Fcγ receptor binding assays with control anti-CD70 antibody and antibody from host cells cultured in the presence of 50 μM alkynyl fucose peracetate (AlkF). The relative affinity for each receptor was determined by a competition binding assay between labeled parent antibody and increasing concentrations of unlabeled parent (shaded squares) or non-core fucosylated (shaded triangles) anti-CD70 mAb. FIG. 3A shows binding competition for human Fcγ receptor (CD16)-expressing cells. FIG. 3B shows binding competition for murine Fcγ receptor (CD16)-expressing cells.

FIG. 4 shows the results of LC-MS (Q-T of) analysis of four antibodies cultured in the absence or presence of alkynyl fucose peracetate (upper and lower portions, respectively, of each pair of panels). G0, G1 and G0-F are as indicated supra. “G1-F” refers to the carbohydrate structure where one of the non-reducing termini has a galactose and there is no core fucosylation (a mixture of two isomers). FIG. 4A: anti-CD70 antibody. FIG. 4B: anti-CD19 antibody. FIG. 4C: anti-CD30 antibody. FIG. 4D: anti-CD33 antibody.

FIG. 5 shows the results of effector function (ADCC) assays of a humanized CD19 antibody cultured in the absence or presence of alkynyl fucose peracetate (core fucosylated (squares) or non-core fucosylated (triangles), respectively) on NK cells having the 158V and 158F phenotypes (panels A and B, respectively).

FIG. 6 shows the results of a titration of alkynyl fucose peracetate (“Alk Fuc peracetate”) on a culture of host cells expressing h1F6 antibody and the effect on production of Ab with core fucosylation (G0).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Definitions

The term “antibody” refers to (a) immunoglobulin polypeptides and immunologically active portions of immunoglobulin polypeptides, i.e., polypeptides of the immunoglobulin family, or fragments thereof, that contain an antigen binding site that immunospecifically binds to a specific antigen (e.g., CD70) and an Fc domain comprising a complex N-glycoside-linked sugar chain(s), or (b) conservatively substituted derivatives of such immunoglobulin polypeptides or fragments that immunospecifically bind to the antigen (e.g., CD70). Antibodies are generally described in, for example, Harlow & Lane,

Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1988). Unless otherwise apparent from the context, reference to an antibody also includes antibody derivatives as described in more detail below.

An “antibody derivative” means an antibody, as defined above (including an antibody fragment), or Fc domain or region of an antibody comprising a complex N-glycoside linked sugar chain, that is modified by covalent attachment of a heterologous molecule such as, e.g., by attachment of a heterologous polypeptide (e.g., a ligand binding domain of heterologous protein), or by glycosylation (other than core fucosylation), deglycosylation (other than non-core fucosylation), acetylation, phosphorylation or other modification not normally associated with the antibody or Fc domain or region.

The term “monoclonal antibody” refers to an antibody that is derived from a single cell clone, including any eukaryotic or prokaryotic cell clone, or a phage clone, and not the method by which it is produced. Thus, the term “monoclonal antibody” is not limited to antibodies produced through hybridoma technology.

The term “Fc region” refers to the constant region of an antibody, e.g., a C_(H)1-hinge-C_(H)2-C_(H)3 domain, optionally having a C_(H)4 domain, or a conservatively substituted derivative of such an Fc region.

The term “Fc domain” refers to the constant region domain of an antibody, e.g., a C_(H)1, hinge, C_(H)2, C_(H)3 or C_(H)4 domain, or a conservatively substituted derivative of such an Fc domain.

An “antigen” is a molecule to which an antibody specifically binds.

The terms “specific binding” and “specifically binds” mean that the antibody or antibody derivative will bind, in a highly selective manner, with its corresponding target antigen and not with the multitude of other antigens. Typically, the antibody or antibody derivative binds with an affinity of at least about 1×10⁻⁷ M, and preferably 10⁻⁸ M to 10⁻⁹ M, 10⁻¹⁰ M, 10⁻¹¹ M, or 10⁻¹² M and binds to the predetermined antigen with an affinity that is at least two-fold greater than its affinity for binding to a non-specific antigen (e.g., BSA, casein) other than the predetermined antigen or a closely-related antigen.

The terms “inhibit” or “inhibition of” means to reduce by a measurable amount, or to prevent entirely.

As used herein, “alkynyl fucose peracetate” refers to any or all forms of alkynyl fucose (5-ethynylarabinose) with acetate groups on positions R¹⁻⁴ (see formula I and II, infra), including 6-ethynyl-tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2,3,4,5-tetrayl tetraacetate, including the (2S,3S,4R,5R,6S) and (2R,3S,4R,5R,6S) isomers, and 5-((S)-1-hydroxyprop-2-ynyl)-tetrahydrofuran-2,3,4-triyl tetraacetate, including the (2S,3S,4R,5R) and (2R,3S,4R,5R) isomers, and the aldose form, unless otherwise indicated by context. The terms “alkynyl fucose triacetate”, “alkynyl fucose diacetate” and “alkynyl fucose monoacetate” refer to the indicated tri-, di- and mono-acetate forms of alkynyl fucose, respectively.

Unless otherwise indicated by context, the term “alkyl” refers to a substituted or unsubstituted saturated straight or branched hydrocarbon having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms (and all combinations and subcombinations of ranges and specific numbers of carbon atoms therein), with from 1 to 3, 1 to 8 or 1 to 10 carbon atoms being preferred. Examples of alkyl groups are methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, iso-propyl, n-butyl, iso-butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, n-pentyl, 2-pentyl, 3-pentyl, 2-methyl-2-butyl, n-hexyl, n-heptyl, n-octyl, n-nonyl, n-decyl, 3-methyl-2-butyl, 3-methyl-1-butyl, 2-methyl-1-butyl, 1-hexyl, 2-hexyl, 3-hexyl, 2-methyl-2-pentyl, 3-methyl-2-pentyl, 4-methyl-2-pentyl, 3-methyl-3-pentyl, 2-methyl-3-pentyl, 2,3-dimethyl-2-butyl, and 3,3-dimethyl-2-butyl.

Alkyl groups, whether alone or as part of another group, can be optionally substituted with one or more groups, preferably 1 to 3 groups (and any additional substituents selected from halogen), including, but not limited to: halogen, —O—(C₁-C₈ alkyl), —O—(C₂-C₈ alkenyl), —O—(C₂-C₈ alkynyl), aryl, —C(O)R′, —OC(O)R′, —C(O)OR′, —C(O)NH₂, —C(O)NHR′, —C(O)N(R′)₂, —NHC(O)R′, —SR′, —SO₃R′, —S(O)₂R′, —S(O)R′, —OH, ═O, —NH₂, —NH(R′), —N(R′)₂ and —CN; where each R′ is independently selected from —H, —C₁-C₈ alkyl, —C₂-C₈ alkenyl, —C₂-C₈ alkynyl, or aryl. In some embodiments, the —O—(C₁-C₈ alkyl), —O—(C₂-C₈ alkenyl), —O—(C₂-C₈ alkynyl), aryl, and R′ groups can be further substituted. Such further substituents include, for example, —C₁-C₈ alkyl, —C₂-C₈ alkenyl, —C₂-C₈ alkynyl, halogen, —O—(C₁-C₈ alkyl), —O—(C₂-C₈ alkenyl), —O—(C₂-C₈ alkynyl), -aryl, —C(O)R″, —OC(O)R″, —C(O)OR″, —C(O)NH₂, —C(O)NHR″, —C(O)N(R″)₂, —NHC(O)R″, —SR″, —SO₃R″, —S(O)₂R″, —S(O)R″, —OH, —NH₂, —NH(R″), —N(R″)₂ and —CN, where each R″ is independently selected from H, —C₁-C₈ alkyl, —C₂-C₈ alkenyl, —C₂-C₈ alkynyl, or aryl wherein said further substituents are preferably unsubstituted. In some embodiments, the —O—(C₁-C₈ alkyl), —O—(C₂-C₈ alkenyl), —O—(C₂-C₈ alkynyl), aryl, and R′ groups are not further substituted.

Unless otherwise indicated by context, the terms “alkenyl” and “alkynyl” refer to substituted or unsubstituted straight and branched carbon chains having from 2 to 20 carbon atoms (and all combinations and subcombinations of ranges and specific numbers of carbon atoms therein), with from 2 to 3, 2 to 4, 2 to 8 or 2 to 10 carbon atoms being preferred. An alkenyl chain has at least one double bond in the chain and an alkynyl chain has at least one triple bond in the chain. Examples of alkenyl groups include, but are not limited to, ethylene or vinyl, allyl, -1 butenyl, -2 butenyl, -isobutylenyl, -1 pentenyl, -2 pentenyl, 3-methyl-1-butenyl, -2 methyl 2 butenyl, and -2,3 dimethyl 2 butenyl. Examples of alkynyl groups include, but are not limited to, acetylenic, propargyl, acetylenyl, propynyl, -1 butynyl, -2 butynyl, -1 pentynyl, -2 pentynyl, and -3 methyl 1 butynyl.

Alkenyl and alkynyl groups, whether alone or as part of another group, can be optionally substituted with one or more groups, preferably 1 to 3 groups (and any additional substituents selected from halogen), including but not limited to: halogen, —O—(C₁-C₈ alkyl), —O—(C₂-C₈ alkenyl), —O—(C₂-C₈ alkynyl), -aryl, —C(O)R′, —OC(O)R′, —C(O)OR′, —C(O)NH₂, —C(O)NHR′, —C(O)N(R′)₂, —NHC(O)R′, —SR′, —SO₃R′, —S(O)₂R′, —S(O)R′, —OH, ═O, —NH₂, —NH(R′), —N(R′)₂ and —CN; where each R′ is independently selected from H, —C₁-C₈ alkyl, —C₂-C alkenyl, —C₂-C₈ alkynyl, or aryl. In some embodiments, the —O—(C₁-C₈ alkyl), —O—(C₂-C₈ alkenyl), —O—(C₂-C₈ alkynyl), aryl, and R′ groups can be further substituted. Such further substituents include, for example, —C₁-C₈ alkyl, —C₂-C₈ alkenyl, —C₂-C₈ alkynyl, halogen, —O—(C₁-C₈ alkyl), —O—(C₂-C₈ alkenyl), —O—(C₂-C₈ alkynyl), -aryl, —C(O)R″, —OC(O)R″, —C(O)OR″, —C(O)NH₂, —C(O)NHR″, —C(O)N(R″)₂, —NHC(O)R″, —SR″, —SO₃R″, —S(O)₂R″, —S(O)R″, —OH, —NH₂, —NH(R″), —N(R″)₂ and —CN, where each R″ is independently selected from H, —C₁-C₈ alkyl, —C₂-C₈ alkenyl, —C₂-C₈ alkynyl, or aryl, wherein said further substituents are preferably unsubstituted. In some embodiments, the —O—(C₁-C₈ alkyl), —O—(C₂-C₈ alkenyl), —O—(C₂-C₈ alkynyl), -aryl, and R′ groups are not further substituted.

Unless otherwise indicated by context, the term “alkylene” refers to a substituted or unsubstituted saturated branched or straight chain hydrocarbon radical having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms (and all combinations and subcombinations of ranges and specific numbers of carbon atoms therein), with from 1 to 8 or 1 to 10 carbon atoms being preferred and having two monovalent radical centers derived by the removal of two hydrogen atoms from the same or two different carbon atoms of a parent alkane. Typical alkylenes include, but are not limited to, methylene, ethylene, propylene, butylene, pentylene, hexylene, heptylene, ocytylene, nonylene, decalene, 1,4-cyclohexylene, and the like.

Alkylene groups, whether alone or as part of another group, can be optionally substituted with one or more groups, preferably 1 to 3 groups (and any additional substituents selected from halogen), including, but not limited to: halogen, —O—(C₁-C₈ alkyl), —O—(C₂-C₈ alkenyl), —O—(C₂-C₈ alkynyl), -aryl, —C(O)R′, —OC(O)R′, —C(O)OR′, —C(O)NH₂, —C(O)NHR′, —C(O)N(R′)₂, —NHC(O)R′, —SR′, —SO₃R′, —S(O)²R′, —S(O)R′, —OH, ═O, —NH₂, —NH(R′), —N(R′)₂ and —CN; where each R′ is independently selected from H, —C₁-C₈ alkyl, —C₂-C₈ alkenyl, —C₂-C₈ alkynyl, or -aryl. In some embodiments, the —O—(C₁-C₈ alkyl), —O—(C₂-C₈ alkenyl), —O—(C₂-C₈ alkynyl), aryl, and R′ groups can be further substituted. Such further substituents include, for example, C₁-C₈ alkyl, —C₂-C₈ alkenyl, —C₂-C₈ alkynyl, halogen, —O—(C₁-C₈ alkyl), —O—(C₂-C₈ alkenyl), —O—(C₂-C₈ alkynyl), -aryl, —C(O)R″, —OC(O)R″, —C(O)OR″, —C(O)NH₂, —C(O)NHR″, —C(O)N(R″)₂, —NHC(O)R″, —SR″, —SO₃R″, —S(O)₂R″, —S(O)R″, —OH, —NH₂, —NH(R″), —N(R″)₂ and —CN, where each R″ is independently selected from H, —C₁-C₈ alkyl, —C₂-C₈ alkenyl, —C₂-C₈ alkynyl, or aryl wherein said further substituents are preferably unsubstituted. In some embodiments, the —O—(C₁-C₈ alkyl), —O—(C₂-C₈ alkenyl), —O—(C₂-C₈ alkynyl), -aryl, and R′ groups are not further substituted.

Unless otherwise indicated by context, the term “aryl” refers to a substituted or unsubstituted monovalent aromatic hydrocarbon radical of 6-20 carbon atoms (and all combinations and subcombinations of ranges and specific numbers of carbon atoms therein) derived by the removal of one hydrogen atom from a single carbon atom of a parent aromatic ring system. Some aryl groups are represented in the exemplary structures as “Ar”. Typical aryl groups include, but are not limited to, radicals derived from benzene, substituted benzene, phenyl, naphthalene, anthracene, biphenyl, and the like.

An aryl group, whether alone or as part of another group, can be optionally substituted with one or more, preferably 1 to 5, or even 1 to 2 groups including, but not limited to: halogen, —C₁-C₈ alkyl, —C₂-C₈ alkenyl, —C₂-C₈ alkynyl, —O—(C₁-C₈ alkyl), —O—(C₂-C₈ alkenyl), —O—(C₂-C₈ alkynyl), -aryl, —C(O)R′, —OC(O)R′, —C(O)OR′, —C(O)NH₂, —C(O)NHR′, —C(O)N(R′)₂, —NHC(O)R′, —SR′, —SO₃R′, —S(O)₂R′, —S(O)R′, —OH, —NO₂, —NH₂, —NH(R′), —N(R′)₂ and —CN; where each R′ is independently selected from H, —C₁-C₈ alkyl, —C₂-C₈ alkenyl, —C₂-C₈ alkynyl, or aryl. In some embodiments, the C₁-C₈ alkyl, —C₂-C₈ alkenyl, —C₂-C₈ alkynyl, —O—(C₁-C₈ alkyl), —O—(C₂-C₈ alkenyl), —O—(C₂-C₈ alkynyl), aryl and R′ groups can be further substituted. Such further substituents include, for example, —C₁-C₈ alkyl, —C₂-C₈ alkenyl, —C₂-C₈ alkynyl, halogen, —O—(C₁-C₈ alkyl), —O—(C₂-C₈ alkenyl), —O—(C₂-C₈ alkynyl), -aryl, —C(O)R″, —OC(O)R″, —C(O)OR″, —C(O)NH₂, —C(O)NHR″, —C(O)N(R″)₂, —NHC(O)R″, —SR″, —SO₃R″, —S(O)₂R″, —S(O)R″, —OH, —NH₂, —NH(R″), —N(R″)₂ and —CN, where each R″ is independently selected from —H, —C₁-C₈ alkyl, —C₂-C₈ alkenyl, —C₂-C₈ alkynyl, or aryl wherein said further substituents are preferably unsubstituted. In some embodiments, the —C₁-C₈ alkyl, —C₂-C₈ alkenyl, —C₂-C₈ alkynyl, —O—(C₁-C₈ alkyl), —O—(C₂-C₈ alkenyl), —O—(C₂-C₈ alkynyl), aryl and R′ groups are not further substituted.

Unless otherwise indicated by context, the term “heterocycle” refers to a substituted or unsubstituted monocyclic ring system having from 3 to 7, or 3 to 10, ring atoms (also referred to as ring members) wherein at least one ring atom is a heteroatom selected from N, O, P, or S (and all combinations and subcombinations of ranges and specific numbers of carbon atoms and heteroatoms therein). The heterocycle can have from 1 to 4 ring heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, P, or S. One or more N, C, or S atoms in a heterocycle can be oxidized. A monocylic heterocycle preferably has 3 to 7 ring members (e.g., 2 to 6 carbon atoms and 1 to 3 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, P, or S). The ring that includes the heteroatom can be aromatic or non-aromatic. Unless otherwise noted, the heterocycle is attached to its pendant group at any heteroatom or carbon atom that results in a stable structure.

Heterocycles are described in Paquette, “Principles of Modern Heterocyclic Chemistry” (W. A. Benjamin, New York, 1968), particularly Chapters 1, 3, 4, 6, 7, and 9; “The Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds, A series of Monographs” (John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1950 to present), in particular Volumes 13, 14, 16, 19, and 28; and J. Am. Chem. Soc. 82:5566 (1960).

Examples of “heterocycle” groups include by way of example and not limitation pyridyl, dihydropyridyl, tetrahydropyridyl (piperidyl), thiazolyl, pyrimidinyl, furanyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, tetrazolyl, fucosyl, azirdinyl, azetidinyl, oxiranyl, oxetanyl, and tetrahydrofuranyl.

A heterocycle group, whether alone or as part of another group, can be optionally substituted with one or more groups, preferably 1 to 2 groups, including but not limited to: —C₁-C₈ alkyl, —C₂-C₈ alkenyl, —C₂-C₈ alkynyl, halogen, —O—(C₁-C₈ alkyl), —O—(C₂-C₈ alkenyl), —O—(C₂-C₈ alkynyl), -aryl, —C(O)R′, —OC(O)R′, —C(O)OR′, —C(O)NH₂, —C(O)NHR′, —C(O)N(R′)₂, —NHC(O)R′, —SR′, —SO₃R′, —S(O)₂R′, —S(O)R′, —OH, —NH₂, —NH(R′), —N(R′)₂ and —CN; where each R′ is independently selected from H, —C₁-C₈ alkyl, —C₂-C₈ alkenyl, —C₂-C₈ alkynyl, or -aryl. In some embodiments, the O—(C₁-C₈ alkyl), —O—(C₂-C₈ alkenyl), —O—(C₂-C₈ alkynyl), —C₁-C₈ alkyl, —C₂-C₈ alkenyl, —C₂-C₈ alkynyl, aryl, and R′ groups can be further substituted. Such further substituents include, for example, —C₁-C₈ alkyl, —C₂-C₈ alkenyl, —C₂-C₈ alkynyl, halogen, —O—(C₁-C₈ alkyl), —O—(C₂-C₈ alkenyl), —O—(C₂-C₈ alkynyl), -aryl, —C(O)R″, —OC(O)R″, —C(O)OR″, —C(O)NH₂, —C(O)NHR″, —C(O)N(R″)₂, —NHC(O)R″, —SR″, —SO₃R″, —S(O)₂R″, —S(O)R″, —OH, —NH₂, —NH(R″), —N(R″)₂ and —CN, where each R″ is independently selected from H, —C₁-C₈ alkyl, —C₂-C₈ alkenyl, —C₂-C₈ alkynyl, or aryl wherein said further substituents are preferably unsubstituted. In some embodiments, the —O—(C₁-C₈ alkyl), —O—(C₂-C₈ alkenyl), —O—(C₂-C₈ alkynyl), —C₁-C₈ alkyl, —C₂-C₈ alkenyl, —C₂-C₈ alkynyl, aryl, and R′ groups are not substituted.

By way of example and not limitation, carbon-bonded heterocycles can be bonded at the following positions: position 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 of a pyridine; position 3, 4, 5, or 6 of a pyridazine; position 2, 4, 5, or 6 of a pyrimidine; position 2, 3, 5, or 6 of a pyrazine; position 2, 3, 4, or 5 of a furan, tetrahydrofuran, thiofuran, thiophene, pyrrole or tetrahydropyrrole; position 2, 4, or 5 of an oxazole, imidazole or thiazole; position 3, 4, or 5 of an isoxazole, pyrazole, or isothiazole; position 2 or 3 of an aziridine; position 2, 3, or 4 of an azetidine. Exemplary carbon bonded heterocycles can include 2-pyridyl, 3-pyridyl, 4-pyridyl, 5-pyridyl, 6-pyridyl, 3-pyridazinyl, 4-pyridazinyl, 5-pyridazinyl, 6-pyridazinyl, 2-pyrimidinyl, 4-pyrimidinyl, 5-pyrimidinyl, 6-pyrimidinyl, 2-pyrazinyl, 3-pyrazinyl, 5-pyrazinyl, 6-pyrazinyl, 2-thiazolyl, 4-thiazolyl, or 5-thiazolyl.

By way of example and not limitation, nitrogen bonded heterocycles can be bonded at position 1 of an aziridine, azetidine, pyrrole, pyrrolidine, 2-pyrroline, 3-pyrroline, imidazole, imidazolidine, 2-imidazoline, 3-imidazoline, pyrazole, pyrazoline, 2-pyrazoline, 3-pyrazoline, piperidine, piperazine, indole, indoline, or 1H-indazole; position 2 of a isoindole, or isoindoline; and position 4 of a morpholine. Still more typically, nitrogen bonded heterocycles include 1-aziridyl, 1-azetidyl, 1-pyrrolyl, 1-imidazolyl, 1-pyrazolyl, and 1-piperidinyl.

Unless otherwise noted, the term “carbocycle,” refers to a substituted or unsubstituted, saturated or unsaturated non-aromatic monocyclic ring system having from 3 to 6 ring atoms (and all combinations and subcombinations of ranges and specific numbers of carbon atoms therein) wherein all of the ring atoms are carbon atoms.

Carbocycle groups, whether alone or as part of another group, can be optionally substituted with, for example, one or more groups, preferably 1 or 2 groups (and any additional substituents selected from halogen), including, but not limited to: halogen, C₁-C₈ alkyl, —C₂-C₈ alkenyl, —C₂-C₈ alkynyl, —O—(C₁-C₈ alkyl), —O—(C₂-C₈ alkenyl), —O—(C₂-C₈ alkynyl), aryl, —C(O)R′, —OC(O)R′, —C(O)OR′, —C(O)NH₂, —C(O)NHR′, —C(O)N(R′)₂, —NHC(O)R′, —SR′, —SO₃R′, —S(O)₂R′, —S(O)R′, —OH, ═O, —NH₂, —NH(R′), —N(R′)₂ and —CN; where each R′ is independently selected from H, —C₁-C₈ alkyl, —C₂-C₈ alkenyl, —C₂-C₈ alkynyl, or aryl. In some embodiments, the —C₁-C₈ alkyl, —C₂-C₈ alkenyl, —C₂-C₈ alkynyl, —O—(C₁-C₈ alkyl), —O—(C₂-C₈ alkenyl), —O—(C₂-C₈ alkynyl), -aryl and R′ groups can be further substituted. Such further substituents include, for example, —C₁-C₈ alkyl, —C₂-C₈ alkenyl, —C₂-C₈ alkynyl, halogen, —O—(C₁-C₈ alkyl), —O—(C₂-C₈ alkenyl), —O—(C₂-C₈ alkynyl), -aryl, —C(O)R″, —OC(O)R″, —C(O)OR″, —C(O)NH₂, —C(O)NHR″, —C(O)N(R″)₂, —NHC(O)R″, —SR″, —SO₃R″, —S(O)₂R″, —S(O)R″, —OH, —NH₂, —NH(R″), —N(R″)₂ and —CN, where each R″ is independently selected from H, —C₁-C₈ alkyl, —C₂-C₈ alkenyl, —C₂-C₈ alkynyl, or aryl wherein said further substituents are preferably unsubstituted. In some embodiments, the —C₁-C₈ alkyl, —C₂-C₈ alkenyl, —C₂-C₈ alkynyl, —O—(C₁-C₈ alkyl), —O—(C₂-C₈ alkenyl), —O—(C₂-C₈ alkynyl), aryl and R′ groups are not substituted.

Examples of monocyclic carbocylic substituents include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, 1-cyclopent-1-enyl, 1-cyclopent-2-enyl, 1-cyclopent-3-enyl, cyclohexyl, 1-cyclohex-1-enyl, 1-cyclohex-2-enyl, 1-cyclohex-3-enyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, -1,3-cyclohexadienyl, -1,4-cyclohexadienyl, -1,3-cycloheptadienyl, -1,3,5-cycloheptatrienyl, and -cyclooctadienyl.

When any variable occurs more than one time in any constituent or in any formula, its definition in each occurrence is independent of its definition at every other. Combinations of substituents and/or variables are permissible only if such combinations result in stable compounds.

Unless otherwise indicated by context, a hyphen (-) designates the point of attachment to the pendant molecule. Accordingly, the term “—(C₁-C₁₀ alkylene)aryl” or “—C₁-C₁₀ alkylene(aryl)” refers to a C₁-C₁₀ alkylene radical as defined herein wherein the alkylene radical is attached to the pendant molecule at any of the carbon atoms of the alkylene radical and one of the hydrogen atom bonded to a carbon atom of the alkylene radical is replaced with an aryl radical as defined herein.

When a particular group is “substituted”, that group may have one or more substituents, preferably from one to five substituents, more preferably from one to three substituents, most preferably from one to two substituents, independently selected from the list of substituents. The group can, however, generally have any number of substituents selected from halogen.

It is intended that the definition of any substituent or variable at a particular location in a molecule be independent of its definitions elsewhere in that molecule. It is understood that substituents and substitution patterns on the compounds of this invention can be selected by one of ordinary skill in the art to provide compounds that are chemically stable and that can be readily synthesized by techniques known in the art as well as those methods set forth herein.

The term “pharmaceutically acceptable” means approved by a regulatory agency of the Federal or a state government or listed in the U.S. Pharmacopeia or other generally recognized pharmacopeia for use in animals, and more particularly in humans. The term “pharmaceutically compatible ingredient” refers to a pharmaceutically acceptable diluent, adjuvant, excipient, or vehicle with which the antibody or antibody derivative is administered.

The term “biologically acceptable” means suitable for use in the culture of cell lines for the manufacture of antibodies. Exemplary biologically acceptable salts include, but are not limited, to sulfate, citrate, acetate, oxalate, chloride, bromide, iodide, nitrate, bisulfate, phosphate, acid phosphate, isonicotinate, lactate, salicylate, acid citrate, tartrate, oleate, tannate, pantothenate, bitartrate, ascorbate, succinate, maleate, gentisinate, fumarate, gluconate, glucuronate, saccharate, formate, benzoate, glutamate, methanesulfonate, ethanesulfonate, benzenesulfonate, p-toluenesulfonate, and pamoate (i.e., 1,1′-methylene bis-(2 hydroxy 3-naphthoate)) salts. A biologically acceptable salt may involve the inclusion of another molecule such as an acetate ion, a succinate ion or other counterion. The counterion may be any organic or inorganic moiety that stabilizes the charge on the parent compound. Furthermore, a biologically acceptable salt may have more than one charged atom in its structure. Instances where multiple charged atoms are part of the biologically acceptable salt can have multiple counter ions. Hence, a biologically salt can have one or more charged atoms and/or one or more counterion.

A “biologically acceptable solvate” or “solvate” refer to an association of one or more solvent molecules and a fucose analog. Examples of solvents that form biologically acceptable solvates include, but are not limited to, water, isopropanol, ethanol, methanol, DMSO, ethyl acetate, acetic acid, and ethanolamine.

“Small electron-withdrawing groups” refers to any substituent that has greater electronegativity at the site of substituent attachment than, e.g., a hydrogen atom or hydroxy group or relative to the substituent present in fucose at that site. Generally, the small electron-withdrawing group has 10 or fewer atoms (other than hydrogen) and includes groups such as nitro; cyano and cyanoalkyl (e.g., —CH₂CH₂CN); halogen; acetylene or other alkynes or halo alkynes (e.g., —C≡CCF₃); alkenes or halo alkenes; allenes; carboxylic acids, ester, amides and halo substituted forms thereof; sulfonic and phosphonic acids, esters and amides, and halo substituted forms thereof; haloalkyl groups (e.g., —CF₃, —CHF₂, —CH₂CF₃), acyl and haloacyl groups (e.g., —C(O)CH₃ and —C(O)CF₃); alkylsulfonyl and haloalkylsulfonyl (e.g., —S(O)₂alkyl and —S(O)₂haloalkyl); aryloxy (e.g., phenoxy and substituted phenoxy); aralkyloxy (e.g., benzyloxy and substituted benzyloxy); and oxiranes. Preferred small electron-withdrawing groups are those having 8, 7 or 6 or fewer atoms (other than hydrogen).

Therapeutic agents of the invention are typically substantially pure from undesired contaminant. This means that an agent is typically at least about 50% w/w (weight/weight) purity, as well as being substantially free from interfering proteins and contaminants. Sometimes the agents are at least about 80% w/w and, more preferably at least 90% or about 95% w/w purity. Using conventional protein purification techniques, homogeneous peptides of at least 99% w/w can be obtained.

General

The invention provides compositions and methods for preparing antibodies and antibody derivatives with reduced core fucosylation. The methods are premised in part on the unexpected results presented in the Examples showing that culturing host cells, expressing an antibody or antibody derivative of interest, in culture media comprising a fucose analog produces an antibody or antibody derivative having reduced core fucosylation. As used herein, “core fucosylation” refers to addition of fucose (“fucosylation”) to N-acetylglucosamine (“GlcNAc”) at the reducing terminal of an N-linked glycan. Also provided are antibodies and antibody derivatives produced by such methods. In other aspects, fucose analogs and culture media comprising an effective amount of a fucose analog(s) are provided.

In some embodiments, fucosylation of complex N-glycoside-linked sugar chains bound to the Fc region (or domain) is reduced. As used herein, a “complex N-glycoside-linked sugar chain” is typically bound to asparagine 297 (according to the number of Kabat), although a complex N-glycoside linked sugar chain can also be linked to other asparagine residues. As used herein, the complex N-glycoside-linked sugar chain has a bianntennary composite sugar chain, mainly having the following structure:

where ± indicates the sugar molecule can be present or absent, and the numbers indicate the position of linkages between the sugar molecules. In the above structure, the sugar chain terminal which binds to asparagine is called a reducing terminal (at right), and the opposite side is called a non-reducing terminal. Fucose is usually bound to N-acetylglucosamine (“GlcNAc”) of the reducing terminal, typically by an α1,6 bond (the 6-position of GlcNAc is linked to the 1-position of fucose). “Gal” refers to galactose, and “Man” refers to mannose.

A “complex N-glycoside-linked sugar chain” excludes a high mannose type of sugar chain, in which only mannose is incorporated at the non-reducing terminal of the core structure, but includes 1) a complex type, in which the non-reducing terminal side of the core structure has one or more branches of galactose-N-acetylglucosamine (also referred to as “gal-GlcNAc”) and the non-reducing terminal side of Gal-GlcNAc optionally has a sialic acid, bisecting N-acetylglucosamine or the like; or 2) a hybrid type, in which the non-reducing terminal side of the core structure has both branches of the high mannose N-glycoside-linked sugar chain and complex N-glycoside-linked sugar chain.

In some embodiments, the “complex N-glycoside-linked sugar chain” includes a complex type in which the non-reducing terminal side of the core structure has zero, one or more branches of galactose-N-acetylglucosamine (also referred to as “gal-GlcNAc”) and the non-reducing terminal side of Gal-GlcNAc optionally further has a structure such as a sialic acid, bisecting N-acetylglucosamine or the like.

According to the present methods, typically only a minor amount of fucose is incorporated into the complex N-glycoside-linked sugar chain(s). For example, in various embodiments, less than about 60%, less than about 50%, less than about 40%, less than about 30%, less than about 20%, less than about 15%, less than about 10%, less than about 5%, or less than about 1% of the antibody or antibody derivative has core fucosylation by fucose. In some embodiments, substantially none (i.e., less than 0.5%) of the antibody or antibody derivative has core fucosylation by fucose.

In certain embodiments, only a minor amount of a fucose analog (or a metabolite or product of the fucose analog) is incorporated into the complex N-glycoside-linked sugar chain(s). For example, in various embodiments, less than about 40%, less than about 30%, less than about 20%, less than about 15%, less than about 10%, less than about 5%, or less than about 1% of the antibody or antibody derivative has core fucosylation by a fucose analog or a metabolite or product of the fucose analog. In some embodiments, substantially none (i.e., less than 0.5%) of the antibody or antibody derivative has core fucosylation by a fucose analog or a metabolite or product of the fucose analog.

Fucose Analogs

In one aspect, fucose analogs are described that reduce the incorporation of fucose into complex N-glycoside-linked sugar chains of antibodies or antibody derivatives produced by host cells. Suitable fucose analogs (identified below as Formula I, II, III, IV, V and VI) are those that can be added to the host cell culture media and that inhibit core fucosylation of complex N-glycoside-linked sugar chains of antibodies or antibody derivatives. The fucose analog is typically taken up by host cells (e.g., by active transport or passive diffusion).

In some embodiments, a fucose analog (or an intracellular metabolite or product of the fucose analog) inhibits an enzyme(s) in the fucose salvage pathway. (As used herein, an intracellular metabolite can be, for example, a GDP-modified analog or a fully or partially de-esterified analog. A product can be, for example, a fully or partially de-esterified analog.) For example, a fucose analog (or an intracellular metabolite or product of the fucose analog) can inhibit the activity of fucokinase, or GDP-fucose-pyrophosphorylase. In some embodiments, a fucose analog (or an intracellular metabolite or product of the fucose analog) inhibits fucosyltransferase (preferably a 1,6-fucosyltransferase, e.g., the FUT8 protein). In some embodiments, a fucose analog (or an intracellular metabolite or product of the fucose analog) can inhibit the activity of an enzyme in the de novo synthetic pathway for fucose. For example, a fucose analog (or an intracellular metabolite or product of the fucose analog) can inhibit the activity of GDP-mannose 4,6-dehydratase or/or GDP-fucose synthetase. In some embodiments, the fucose analog (or an intracellular metabolite or product of the fucose analog) can inhibit a fucose transporter (e.g., GDP-fucose transporter).

In some embodiments, the fucose analog has the following formula (I) or (II):

or a biologically acceptable salt or solvate of the analog, wherein each of formula (I) or (II) can be the alpha or beta anomer or the corresponding aldose form. In the above formulae, each of R¹-R⁴ is independently selected from the group consisting of —OH, —OC(O)H, —OC(O)C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, —OC(O)C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl, —OC(O)C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl, —OC(O)aryl, —OC(O)heterocycle, —OC(O)C₁-C₁₀ alkylene aryl, —OC(O)C₂-C₁₀ alkenylene aryl, —OC(O)C₂-C₁₀ alkynylene aryl, —OC(O)C₂-C₁₀ alkylene heterocycle, —OC(O)C₂-C₁₀ alkenylene heterocycle, —OC(O)C₂-C₁₀ alkynylene heterocycle, —OC(O)CH₂—O—(CH₂CH₂O)_(n)CH₃, —OC(O)CH₂CH₂—O—(CH₂CH₂O)_(n)CH₃, —O-tri-C₁-C₃ alkyl silyl, —OC₁-C₁₀ alkyl, —OCH₂OC(O) alkyl, —OCH₂OC(O) alkenyl, —OCH₂OC(O) alkynyl, —OCH₂OC(O) aryl, —OCH₂OC(O) heterocycle, —OCH₂OC(O)O alkyl, —OCH₂OC(O)O alkenyl, —OCH₂OC(O)O alkynyl, —OCH₂OC(O)O aryl and —OCH₂OC(O)O heterocycle, wherein each n is an integer independently selected from 0-5; and R⁵ is selected from the group consisting of —C≡CH, —C≡CCH₃, —CH₂C≡CH, —C(O)OCH₃, —CH(OAc)CH₃, —CN, —CH₂CN, —CH₂X (wherein X is Br, Cl or I), and methoxiran.

In some embodiments, the fucose analog has formula (I) or (II), wherein: each of R¹-R⁴ is independently selected from the group consisting of —OH, —OC(O)H, —OC(O)C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, —OC(O)aryl, —OC(O)heterocycle, —OC(O)C₁-C₁₀ alkylene aryl, —OC(O)C₁-C₁₀ alkylene heterocycle, —OC(O)CH₂—O—(CH₂CH₂O)_(n)CH₃, —OC(O)CH₂CH₂—O—(CH₂CH₂O)_(n)CH₃, —O-tri-C₁-C₃ silyl, —OC₁-C₁₀ alkyl, —OCH₂OC(O) alkyl, —OCH₂OC(O)O alkyl, —OCH₂OC(O) aryl, and —OCH₂OC(O)O aryl, wherein each n is an integer independently selected from 0-5; and R⁵ is selected from the group consisting of —C≡CH, —C≡CCH₃, —CH₂C≡CH, —C(O)OCH₃, —CH(OAc)CH₃, —CN, —CH₂CN, —CH₂X (wherein X is Br, Cl or I), and methoxiran.

In some embodiments, the fucose analog has formula (I) or (II), wherein each of R¹-R⁴ is independently selected from the group consisting of —OH, —OC(O)H, —OC(O)C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, —OC(O)C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl, —OC(O)C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl, —OC(O)aryl, —OC(O)heterocycle, —OC(O)C₁-C₁₀ alkylene aryl, —OC(O)C₂-C₁₀ alkenylene aryl, —OC(O)C₂-C₁₀ alkynylene aryl, —OC(O)C₂-C₁₀ alkylene heterocycle, —OC(O)C₂-C₁₀ alkenylene heterocycle, and —OC(O)C₂-C₁₀ alkynylene heterocycle; and R⁵ is selected from the group consisting of —C≡CH, —C≡CCH₃, —CH₂C≡CH, —C(O)OCH₃, —CH(OAc)CH₃, —CN, —CH₂CN, —CH₂X (wherein X is Br, Cl or I), and methoxiran.

In some embodiments, the fucose analog has formula (I) or (II), wherein each of R¹-R⁴ is independently selected from the group consisting of —O-tri-C₁-C₃ silyl and —OC₁-C₁₀ alkyl; and R⁵ is selected from the group consisting of —C≡CH, —C≡CCH₃, —CH₂C≡CH, —C(O)OCH₃, —CH(OAc)CH₃, —CN, —CH₂CN, —CH₂X (wherein X is Br, Cl or I), and methoxiran.

In some embodiments, the fucose analog has formula (I) or (II), wherein each of R¹-R⁴ is independently selected from the group consisting of —OCH₂OC(O) alkyl, —OCH₂OC(O) alkenyl, —OCH₂OC(O) alkynyl, —OCH₂OC(O) aryl, —OCH₂OC(O) heterocycle, —OCH₂OC(O)O alkyl, —OCH₂OC(O)O alkenyl, —OCH₂OC(O)O alkynyl, —OCH₂OC(O)O aryl, and —OCH₂OC(O)O heterocycle; and R⁵ is selected from the group consisting of —C≡CH, —C≡CCH₃, —CH₂C≡CH, —C(O)OCH₃, —CH(OAc)CH₃, —CN, —CH₂CN, —CH₂X (wherein X is Br, Cl or I), and methoxiran.

In some embodiments, the fucose analog has formula (I) or (II), wherein each of R¹-R⁴ is independently selected from the group consisting of —OH, —OC(O)H, —OC(O)C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, —OC(O)C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl, —OC(O)C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl, —OC(O)aryl, —OC(O)heterocycle, —OC(O)C₁-C₁₀ alkylene aryl, —OC(O)C₂-C₁₀ alkenylene aryl, —OC(O)C₂-C₁₀ alkynylene aryl, —OC(O)C₂-C₁₀ alkylene heterocycle, —OC(O)C₂-C₁₀ alkenylene heterocycle, and —OC(O)C₂-C₁₀ alkynylene heterocycle; and R⁵ is selected from the group consisting of —C≡CH, —C≡CCH₃, —CH₂C≡CH, —C(O)OCH₃, —CH(OAc)CH₃, —CN, —CH₂CN, and methoxiran.

In some embodiments, the fucose analog has formula (I) or (II), wherein each of R¹-R⁴ is independently selected from the group consisting of —OH, —OC(O)H, —OC(O)C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, —OC(O)C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl, —OC(O)C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl, —OC(O)aryl, —OC(O)heterocycle, —OC(O)C₁-C₁₀ alkylene aryl, —OC(O)C₂-C₁₀ alkenylene aryl, —OC(O)C₂-C₁₀ alkynylene aryl, —OC(O)C₂-C₁₀ alkylene heterocycle, —OC(O)C₂-C₁₀ alkenylene heterocycle, and —OC(O)C₂-C₁₀ alkynylene heterocycle; and R⁵ is selected from the group consisting of —CH₂I, —CH₂Br, and —CH₂Cl.

In some embodiments, the fucose analog has formula (I) or (II), wherein each of R¹-R⁴ is independently selected from the group consisting of —OH, —OC(O)H, —OC(O)C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, —OC(O)C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl, —OC(O)C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl, —OC(O)aryl, —OC(O)heterocycle, —OC(O)C₁-C₁₀ alkylene aryl, —OC(O)C₂-C₁₀ alkenylene aryl, —OC(O)C₂-C₁₀ alkynylene aryl, —OC(O)C₂-C₁₀ alkylene heterocycle, —OC(O)C₂-C₁₀ alkenylene heterocycle, and —OC(O)C₂-C₁₀ alkynylene heterocycle; and R⁵ is selected from the group consisting of —C≡CH, —C≡CCH₃ and —CH₂C≡CH.

In some embodiments, the fucose analog has formula (I) or (II), wherein each of R¹-R⁴ is independently selected from the group consisting of —OH, —OC(O)H, —OC(O)C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, —OC(O)C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl, —OC(O)C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl, —OC(O)aryl, —OC(O)heterocycle, —OC(O)C₁-C₁₀ alkylene aryl, —OC(O)C₂-C₁₀ alkenylene aryl, —OC(O)C₂-C₁₀ alkynylene aryl, —OC(O)C₂-C₁₀ alkylene heterocycle, —OC(O)C₂-C₁₀ alkenylene heterocycle, and —OC(O)C₂-C₁₀ alkynylene heterocycle; and R⁵ is selected from the group consisting of —C≡CH, —C≡CCH₃, —(CH₂)_(n)(CN) (where n=0 or 1) and —CO(O)CH₃.

In some embodiments, the fucose analog has formula (I) or (II), wherein each of R¹-R⁴ is independently selected from the group consisting of —OH, —OC(O)H, —OC(O)C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, —OC(O)C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl, —OC(O)C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl, —OC(O)aryl, —OC(O)heterocycle, —OC(O)C₁-C₁₀ alkylene aryl, —OC(O)C₂-C₁₀ alkenylene aryl, —OC(O)C₂-C₁₀ alkynylene aryl, —OC(O)C₂-C₁₀ alkylene heterocycle, —OC(O)C₂-C₁₀ alkenylene heterocycle, and —OC(O)C₂-C₁₀ alkynylene heterocycle; and R⁵ is selected from the group consisting of —C≡CH, —C≡CCH₃, —CH₂CN and —CO(O)CH₃.

In some embodiments, the fucose analog has formula (I) or (II), wherein each of R¹-R⁴ is independently selected from the group consisting of —OH, —OC(O)H, —OC(O)C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, —OC(O)C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl, —OC(O)C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl, —OC(O)aryl, —OC(O)heterocycle, —OC(O)C₁-C₁₀ alkylene aryl, —OC(O)C₂-C₁₀ alkenylene aryl, —OC(O)C₂-C₁₀ alkynylene aryl, —OC(O)C₂-C₁₀ alkylene heterocycle, —OC(O)C₂-C₁₀ alkenylene heterocycle, and —OC(O)C₂-C₁₀ alkynylene heterocycle; and R⁵ is selected from the group consisting of —C≡CH, —C≡CCH₃, —CH(OAc)CH₃, —CH₂CN, and —CO(O)CH₃.

In some embodiments, the fucose analog has formula (I) or (II), wherein R⁵ is as defined herein, and each of R¹-R⁴ is other than hydroxyl.

In some embodiments, the fucose analog has formula (I) or (II), wherein each of R¹-R⁴ is independently selected from the group consisting of —OH, and —OAc; and R⁵ is selected from the group consisting of —C≡CH, —C≡CCH₃, —CH(OAc)CH₃, —CH₂CN, and —CO(O)CH₃.

In some embodiments, the fucose analog has formula (I) or (II), wherein each of R¹-R⁴ is —OH or an ester selected from the group consisting of —OC(O)H, —OC(O)C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, —OC(O)C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl, —OC(O)C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl, —OC(O)aryl, —OC(O)heterocycle, —OC(O)C₁-C₁₀ alkylene aryl, —OC(O)C₂-C₁₀ alkenylene aryl, —OC(O)C₂-C₁₀ alkynylene aryl, —OC(O)C₁-C₁₀ alkylene heterocycle, —OC(O)C₂-C₁₀ alkenylene heterocycle, —OC(O)C₂-C₁₀ alkynylene heterocycle, —OC(O)CH₂—O—(CH₂CH₂O)_(n)CH₃ (where n is 0-5), and —OC(O)CH₂CH₂—O—(CH₂CH₂O)_(n)CH₃ (where n is 0-5); and R⁵ is selected from the group consisting of —C≡CH, —C≡CCH₃, —CH₂C≡CH, —C(O)OCH₃, —CH(OAc)CH₃, —CN, —CH₂CN, —CH₂X (wherein X is Br, Cl or I), and methoxiran.

In some embodiments, the fucose analog has a molecular weight of less than 2000 daltons. In some embodiments, the fucose analog has a molecular weight of less than 1000 daltons.

In some embodiments, R⁵ is not substituted.

In some embodiments, each of R¹-R⁴ is not substituted.

In some embodiments, R⁵ is not a ketone (—C(O)alkyl).

In some embodiments, R⁵ is not —CHCH₃OAc.

In some embodiments, R⁵ is not —CHCH₃OAc, when each of R¹-R⁴ is —OAc.

In some embodiments, R⁵ is not —C≡CH₃.

In some embodiments, R⁵ is not —C≡CH₃, when any of R¹-R⁴ is —OAc.

In some embodiments, R⁵ is not —C≡CH₃, when any of R¹-R⁴ is —OC(O)alkyl.

In some embodiments, R⁵ is not —C≡CH₃, when each of R—R⁴ is —OC(O)alkyl.

In some embodiments, R⁵ is not —C≡CH₃, when each of R¹-R⁴ is OH.

In some embodiments, the fucose analog is alkynyl fucose peracetate. In some embodiments, the fucose analog is alkynyl fucose triacetate. In some embodiments, the fucose analog is alkynyl fucose diacetate. In some embodiments, the fucose analog is mixture of alkynyl fucose peracetate, alkynyl fucose triacetate and alkynyl fucose diacetate.

In some embodiments, the fucose analog is mixture of alkynyl fucose peracetate, alkynyl fucose triacetate, alkynyl fucose diacetate and alkynyl fucose monoacetate.

In any of the various embodiments, the fucose analog is not fucose. In some embodiments, the fucose analog is not alkynyl fucose peracetate. In some embodiments, the fucose analog is not galactose or L-galactose.

In another group of embodiments, the fucose analog has the following formula (III) or (IV):

or a biologically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein each of formula (III) or (IV) can be the alpha or beta anomer or the corresponding aldose form; and wherein,

-   each of R¹-R⁴ is independently selected from the group consisting of     fluoro, chloro, —OH, —OC(O)H, —OC(O)C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, —OC(O)C₂-C₁₀     alkenyl, —OC(O)C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl, —OC(O)aryl, —OC(O)heterocycle,     —OC(O)C₁-C₁₀ alkylene(aryl), —OC(O)C₂-C₁₀ alkylene(aryl),     —OC(O)C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl(aryl), —OC(O)C₁-C₁₀ alkylene heterocycle,     —OC(O)C₂-C₁₀ alkenylene(heterocycle), —OC(O)C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl     heterocycle, —OCH₂OC(O) alkyl, —OCH₂OC(O)O alkyl; —OCH₂OC(O) aryl,     —OCH₂OC(O)O aryl, —OC(O)CH₂—O—(CH₂CH₂O)_(n)CH₃,     —OC(O)CH₂CH₂—O—(CH₂CH₂O)_(n)CH₃, —O-tri-C₁-C₃ alkylsilyl and     —OC₁-C₁₀ alkyl, wherein each n is an integer independently selected     from 0-5; and     each of R^(2a) and R^(3a) is independently selected from the group     consisting of H, F and Cl; -   R⁵ is selected from the group consisting of —CH₃, —CHF₂, —CH═C═CH₂,     —C≡CH, —C≡CCH₃, —CH₂C≡CH, —C(O)OCH₃, —CH(OAc)CH₃, —CN, —CH₂CN, —CH₂X     (wherein X is Br, Cl or I), and methoxiran;     wherein when R⁵ is other than —CH═C═CH₂ or —CHF₂, at least one of     R¹, R², R³, R^(2a) and R^(3a) is fluoro or chloro.

In some embodiments of formulae (III) or (IV), R¹ is F.

In some embodiments of formulae (III) or (IV), R² is F.

In some embodiments of formulae (III) or (IV), R³ is F.

In some embodiments of formulae (III) or (IV), R¹ and R² are each F.

In some embodiments of formulae (III) or (IV), R² and R^(2a) are each F.

In some embodiments of formulae (III) or (IV), R¹, R³ and R⁴ are each independently selected from —OH and —OAc; R² is F; and R⁵ is —CH₃.

In some embodiments of formulae (III) or (IV), R¹, R³ and R⁴ are each independently selected from —OH and —OAc; R² is F; R^(2a) and R^(3a) are each H; and R⁵ is —CH₃.

In another group of embodiments, the fucose analog has the following formula (V) or (VI):

or a biologically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein each of formula (V) or (VI) can be the alpha or beta anomer or the corresponding aldose form; and wherein, each of R¹, R², R^(2a), R³, R^(3a) and R⁴ is independently selected from the group consisting of —OH, —OC(O)H, —OC(O)C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, —OC(O)C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl, —OC(O)C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl, —OC(O)aryl, —OC(O)heterocycle, —OC(O)C₁-C₁₀ alkylene(aryl), —OC(O)C₂-C₁₀ alkylene(aryl), —OC(O)C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl(aryl), —OC(O)C₁-C₁₀ alkylene heterocycle, —OC(O)C₂-C₁₀ alkenylene(heterocycle), —OC(O)C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl heterocycle, —OCH₂OC(O) alkyl, —OCH₂OC(O)O alkyl, —OCH₂OC(O) aryl, —OCH₂OC(O)O aryl, —OC(O)CH₂—O—(CH₂CH₂O)_(n)CH₃, —OC(O)CH₂CH₂—O—(CH₂CH₂O)_(n)CH₃, —O-tri-C₁-C₃ alkylsilyl, —OC₁-C₁₀ alkyl, and a small electron withdrawing group, wherein each n is an integer independently selected from 0-5; R⁵ is a member selected from the group consisting of —CH₃, —CH₂X, —CH(X′)—C₁-C₄ alkyl unsubstituted or substituted with halogen, —CH(X′)—C₂-C₄ alkene unsubstituted or substituted with halogen, —CH(X′)—C₂-C₄ alkyne unsubstituted or substituted with halogen, —CH═C(R¹⁰)(R¹¹), —C(CH₃)═C(R¹²)(R¹³), —C(R¹⁴)═C═C(R¹⁵)(R¹⁶), —C₃ carbocycle unsubstituted or substituted with methyl or halogen, —CH(X′)—C₃ carbocycle unsubstituted or substituted with methyl or halogen, C₃ heterocyle unsubstituted or substituted with methyl or halogen, —CH(X′)—C₃ heterocycle unsubstituted or substituted with methyl or halogen, —CH₂N₃, —CH₂CH₂N₃, and benzyloxymethyl, or R⁵ is a small electron withdrawing group; wherein R¹⁰ is hydrogen or C₁-C₃ alkyl unsubstituted or substituted with halogen; R¹¹ is C₁-C₃ alkyl unsubstituted or substituted with halogen; R¹² is hydrogen, halogen or C₁-C₃ alkyl unsubstituted or substituted with halogen; R¹³ is hydrogen, or C₁-C₃ alkyl unsubstituted or substituted with halogen; R¹⁴ is hydrogen or methyl; R¹⁵ and R¹⁶ are independently selected from hydrogen, methyl and halogen; X is halogen; X′ is halogen or hydrogen; and additionally, each of R¹, R², R^(2a), R³ and R^(3a) are optionally hydrogen; optionally two R¹, R², R^(2a), R³ and R^(3a) on adjacent carbon atoms are combined to form a double bond between said adjacent carbon atoms; and provided that at least one of R¹, R², R^(2a), R³, R^(3a), R⁴ and R⁵ is a small electron withdrawing group, or R⁵ comprises a halogen, site of unsaturation, carbocycle, heterocycle or azide, except when (i) R² and R^(2a) are both hydrogen, (ii) R³ and R^(3a) are both hydrogen, (iii) R¹ is hydrogen, (iv) a double bond is present between said adjacent carbon atoms, or (v) R⁵ is benzyloxymethyl; and wherein the antibody or antibody derivative has reduced core fucosylation compared to the antibody or antibody derivative from the host cell cultured in the absence of the fucose analog.

In some embodiments of formulae (V) and (VI), R^(2a) and R^(3a) are each hydrogen.

In some embodiments of formulae (V) and (VI), R⁵ is selected from the group consisting of —CH₃, —CH₂CH₃, —CH₂C≡CH, —CH═CHCH₃, -cyclopropyl, -oxirane, -oxirane substituted with methyl, —CH₂F, —CH₂Cl, —CH₂Br, —CH₂I, —CH═C═CH₂, —CH₂N₃ and —CH₂CH₂N₃.

In some embodiments of formulae (V) and (VI), the small electron withdrawing group is selected from fluoro, chloro, bromo, —CHF₂, —CH═C═CH₂, —C≡CH, —C≡CCH₃, —CH₂C≡CH, —CO₂H, —C(O)OC₁-C₄ alkyl, —CH(OAc)CH₃, —CN, —CH₂CN, —CH₂X (wherein X is Br, Cl or I), and methoxiran.

In some embodiments of formulae (V) and (VI), at least two of R¹, R², R^(2a), R³, R^(3a) and R⁴ are independently selected small electron withdrawing groups.

In some embodiments of formulae (V) and (VI), the fucose analog is selected from compounds of Tables 1, 2 or 3.

While the present inventive methods and cell cultures can include the fucose analogs provided in formulae I, II, III, IV, V and VI above, the present invention further provides compounds of each of the above formulae that can be prepared using methodology provided herein. In some embodiments, the compounds of the invention are other than compounds identified in the Examples as 6, 7, 9, 10, 22, 24, 26, 54, 56-58, 61-62, 65 and 66, as well as 2-fluoro-2-deoxyfucose.

Antibodies and Antibody Derivatives

Antibodies that can be produced by the instant methods can be monoclonal, chimeric, humanized (including veneered), or human antibodies. Suitable antibodies also include antibody fragments, such as single chain antibodies, or the like that have a Fc region or domain having a complex N-glycoside-linked sugar chain (e.g., a human IgG1 Fc region or domain). The Fc region or domain can include an Fcgamma receptor binding site. Typically, the antibodies are human or humanized. In some embodiments, the antibodies can be rodent (e.g., mouse and rat), donkey, sheep, rabbit, goat, guinea pig, camelid, horse, or chicken.

The antibodies can be mono-specific, bi-specific, tri-specific, or of greater multi-specificity. Multi-specific antibodies maybe specific for different epitopes of different target antigens or may be specific for different epitopes on the same target antigen. (See, e.g., WO 93/17715; WO 92/08802; WO 91/00360; WO 92/05793; Tutt et al., 1991, J. Immunol. 147:60-69; U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,474,893; 4,714,681; 4,925,648; 5,573,920; and 5,601,819; Kostelny et al., 1992, J. Immunol. 148:1547-1553.)

The antibodies can also be described in terms of their binding affinity to a target antigen of 10⁻⁷ M, 5×10⁻⁸ M, 10⁻⁸ M, 5×10⁻⁹ M, 10⁻⁹ M, 5×10⁻¹⁰ M, 10⁻¹⁰ M, 5×10⁻¹¹ M, 10⁻¹¹ M, 5×10⁻¹² M, 10⁻¹² M, 5×10⁻¹³ M, 10⁻¹³ M, 5×10⁻¹⁴ M, 10⁻¹⁴ M, 5×10⁻¹⁵ M, or 10¹⁵ M.

In some embodiments, the antibody is a chimeric antibody. A chimeric antibody is a molecule in which different portions of the antibody are derived from different animal species, such as antibodies having a variable region derived from a murine monoclonal antibody and a human immunoglobulin constant region. Methods for producing chimeric antibodies are known in the art. (See, e.g., Morrison, Science, 1985, 229:1202; Oi et al, 1986, BioTechniques 4:214; Gillies et al., 1989, J. Immunol. Methods 125:191-202; U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,807,715; 4,816,567; and 4,816,397.)

In some embodiments, the antibody can be a humanized antibody, including a veneered antibody. Humanized antibodies are antibody molecules that bind the desired antigen and have one or more complementarity determining regions (CDRs) from a non-human species, and framework and constant regions from a human immunoglobulin molecule. Often, framework residues in the human framework regions will be substituted with the corresponding residue from the CDR donor antibody to alter, or preferably improve, antigen binding. These framework substitutions are identified by methods well known in the art, e.g., by modeling of the interactions of the CDR and framework residues to identify framework residues important for antigen binding and sequence comparison to identify unusual framework residues at particular positions. (See, e.g., Queen et al., U.S. Pat. No. 5,585,089; Riecbmann et al., 1988, Nature 332:323.) Antibodies can be humanized using a variety of techniques known in the art such as CDR-grafting (EP 0 239 400; WO 91/09967; U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,225,539; 5,530,101; and 5,585,089), veneering or resurfacing (EP 0 592 106; EP 0 519 596; Padlan, 1991, Molecular Immunology, 28(4/5):489-498; Studnicka et al., 1994, Protein Engineering 7(6):805-814; Roguska et al., 1994, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:969-973), and chain shuffling (U.S. Pat. No. 5,565,332) (all of these references are incorporated by reference herein).

The antibody can also be a human antibody. Human antibodies can be made by a variety of methods known in the art such as phage display methods using antibody libraries derived from human immunoglobulin sequences. See e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,444,887 and 4,716,111; WO 98/46645, WO 98/50433, WO 98/24893, WO 98/16654, WO 96/34096, WO 96/33735, and WO 91/10741. In addition, a human antibody recognizing a selected epitope can be generated using a technique referred to as “guided selection,” in which a selected non-human monoclonal antibody, e.g., a mouse antibody, is used to guide the selection of a completely human antibody recognizing the same epitope (see, e.g., Jespers et al., 1994, Biotechnology 12:899-903). Human antibodies can also be produced using transgenic mice that express human immunoglobulin genes. Monoclonal antibodies directed against the antigen can be obtained from the immunized, transgenic mice using conventional hybridoma technology. For an overview of the technology for producing human antibodies, see Lonberg and Huszar, 1995, Int. Rev. Immunol. 13:65-93. For a detailed discussion of this technology for producing human antibodies and human monoclonal antibodies and protocols for producing such antibodies, see, e.g., PCT publications WO 98/24893; WO 92/01047; WO 96/34096; WO 96/33735; European Patent No. 0 598, 877; U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,413,923; 5,625,126; 5,633,425; 5,569,825; 5,661,016; 5,545,806; 5,814,318; 5,885,793; 5,916,771; and 5,939,598.

Examples of antibodies include HERCEPTIN® (trastuzumab; Genentech), RITUXAN® (rituximab; Genentech), lintuzumab (Seattle Genetics, Inc.), Palivizumab (Medimmune), Alemtuzumab (BTG) and Epratuzumab (Immunomedics).

In exemplary embodiments, an antibody or antibody derivative specifically binds to CD19, CD20, CD21, CD22, CD30, CD33, CD38, CD40, CD70, CD133, CD138, or CD276. In other embodiments, the antibody or antibody derivative specifically binds to BMPR1B, LAT1 (SLC7A5), STEAP1, MUC16, megakaryocyte potentiating factor (MPF), Napi3b, Sema 5b, PSCA hlg, ETBR (Endothelin type B receptor), STEAP2, TrpM4, CRIPTO, CD21, CD79a, CD79b, FcRH2, HER2, HER3, HER4, NCA, MDP, IL20Rα, Brevican, Ephb2R, ASLG659, PSCA, PSMA, GEDA, BAFF-R, CXCR5, HLA-DOB, P2×5, CD72, LY64, FCRH1, or IRTA2.

Antibodies can be assayed for specific binding to a target antigen by conventional methods, such as for example, competitive and non-competitive immunoassay systems using techniques such as Western blots, radioimmunoassays, ELISA (enzyme linked immunosorbent assay), “sandwich” immunoassays, immunoprecipitation assays, immunoradiometric assays, fluorescent immunoassays, and protein A immunoassays. (See, e.g., Ausubel et al, eds., Short Protocols in Molecular Biology (John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 4th ed. 1999); Harlow & Lane, Using Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., 1999.)

Further, the binding affinity of an antibody to a target antigen and the off-rate of an antibody-antigen interaction can be determined by surface plasmon resonance, competition FACS using labeled antibodies or other competitive binding assays. One example of a competitive binding assay is a radioimmunoassay comprising the incubation of labeled antigen (e.g., ³H or ¹²⁵I) with the antibody of interest in the presence of increasing amounts of unlabeled antibody, and the detection of the antibody bound to the labeled antigen. The affinity of the antibody and the binding off-rates can then be determined from the data by Scatchard plot analysis. Competition with a second antibody can also be determined using radioimmunoassays. In this case, the antigen is incubated with the antibody of interest conjugated to a labeled compound (e.g., ³H or ¹²⁵I) in the presence of increasing amounts of an unlabeled second antibody. Alternatively, the binding affinity of an antibody and the on- and off-rates of an antibody-antigen interaction can be determined by surface plasmon resonance.

Antibodies can be made from antigen-containing fragments of the target antigen by standard procedures according to the type of antibody (see, e.g., Kohler, et al., Nature, 256:495, (1975); Harlow & Lane, Antibodies, A Laboratory Manual (C.S.H.P., NY, 1988); Queen et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:10029-10033 (1989) and WO 90/07861; Dower et al., WO 91/17271 and McCafferty et al., WO 92/01047 (each of which is incorporated by reference for all purposes). As an example, monoclonal antibodies can be prepared using a wide variety of techniques including, e.g., the use of hybridoma, recombinant, and phage display technologies, or a combination thereof. Hybridoma techniques are generally discussed in, e.g., Harlow et al., supra, and Hammerling, et al., In Monoclonal Antibodies and T-Cell Hybridomas, pp. 563-681 (Elsevier, N.Y., 1981). Examples of phage display methods that can be used to make antibodies include, e.g., those disclosed in Briinnan et al., 1995, J. Immunol. Methods 182:41-50; Ames et al., 1995, J. Immunol. Methods 184:177-186; Kettleborough et al., 1994, Eur. J. Immunol. 24:952-958; Persic et al., 1997, Gene 187:9-18; Burton et al., 1994, Advances in Immunology 57:191-280; PCT Application No. PCT/GB91/01134; PCT Publications WO 90/02809; WO 91/10737; WO 92/01047; WO 92/18619; WO 93/11236; WO 95/15982; WO 95/20401; and U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,698,426; 5,223,409; 5,403,484; 5,580,717; 5,427,908; 5,750,753; 5,821,047; 5,571,698; 5,427,908; 5,516,637; 5,780,225; 5,658,727; 5,733,743 and 5,969,108 (the disclosures of which are incorporated by reference herein).

Examples of techniques that can be used to produce single-chain Fvs and antibodies include those described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,946,778 and 5,258,498; Huston et al., 1991, Methods in Enzymology 203:46-88; Shu et al., 1993, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:7995-7999; and Skerra et al., 1988, Science 240:1038-1040.

Examples of antibody derivatives include binding domain-Ig fusions, wherein the binding domain may be, for example, a ligand, an extracellular domain of a receptor, a peptide, a non-naturally occurring peptide or the like. Exemplary fusions with immunoglobulin or Fc regions include: etanercept which is a fusion protein of sTNFRII with the Fc region (U.S. Pat. No. 5,605,690), alefacept which is a fusion protein of LFA-3 expressed on antigen presenting cells with the Fc region (U.S. Pat. No. 5,914,111), a fusion protein of Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4) with the Fc region (J. Exp. Med. 181:1869 (1995)), a fusion protein of interleukin 15 with the Fc region (J. Immunol. 160:5742 (1998)), a fusion protein of factor VII with the Fc region (Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98:12180 (2001)), a fusion protein of interleukin 10 with the Fc region (J. Immunol. 154:5590 (1995)), a fusion protein of interleukin 2 with the Fc region (J. Immunol. 146:915 (1991)), a fusion protein of CD40 with the Fc region (Surgery 132:149 (2002)), a fusion protein of Flt-3 (fms-like tyrosine kinase) with the antibody Fc region (Acta. Haemato. 95:218 (1996)), a fusion protein of OX40 with the antibody Fc region (J. Leu. Biol. 72:522 (2002)), and fusion proteins with other CD molecules (e.g., CD2, CD30 (TNFRSF8), CD95 (Fas), CD106 (VCAM-1), CD137), adhesion molecules (e.g., ALCAM (activated leukocyte cell adhesion molecule), cadherins, ICAM (intercellular adhesion molecule)-1, ICAM-2, ICAM-3) cytokine receptors (e.g., interleukin-4R, interleukin-5R, interleukin-6R, interleukin-9R, interleukin-10R, interleukin-12R, interleukin-13Ralpha1, interleukin-13Ralpha2, interleukin-15R, interleukin-21 Ralpha), chemokines, cell death-inducing signal molecules (e.g., B7-H1, DR6 (Death receptor 6), PD-1 (Programmed death-1), TRAIL R1), costimulating molecules (e.g., B7-1, B7-2, B7-H2, ICOS (inducible co-stimulator)), growth factors (e.g., ErbB2, ErbB3, ErbB4, HGFR), differentiation-inducing factors (e.g., B7-H3), activating factors (e.g., NKG2D), signal transfer molecules (e.g., gp130), BCMA, and TACI.

Methods of Making Non-Core Fucosylated Antibodies and Antibody Derivatives

Antibodies and derivatives thereof that are useful in the present methods can be produced by recombinant expression techniques, from hybridomas, from myelomas or from other antibody expressing mammalian cells. Recombinant expression of an antibody or derivative thereof that binds to a target antigen typically involves construction of an expression vector containing a nucleic acid that encodes the antibody or derivative thereof. Once a nucleic acid encoding such a protein has been obtained, the vector for the production of the protein molecule may be produced by recombinant DNA technology using techniques well known in the art. Standard techniques such as those described in Sambrook and Russell, Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., 3rd ed., 2001); Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y., 2nd ed., 1989); Ausubel et al., Short Protocols in Molecular Biology (John Wiley & Sons, New York, 4th ed., 1999); and Glick & Pasternak, Molecular Biotechnology: Principles and Applications of Recombinant DNA (ASM Press, Washington, D.C., 2nd ed., 1998) can be used for recombinant nucleic acid methods, nucleic acid synthesis, cell culture, transgene incorporation, and recombinant protein expression.

For example, for recombinant expression of antibody, an expression vector may encode a heavy or light chain thereof, or a heavy or light chain variable domain, operably linked to a promoter. An expression vector may include, e.g., the nucleotide sequence encoding the constant region of the antibody molecule (see, e.g., WO 86/05807; WO 89/01036; and U.S. Pat. No. 5,122,464), and the variable domain of the antibody may be cloned into such a vector for expression of the entire heavy or light chain. The expression vector is transferred to a host cell by techniques known in the art, and the transfected cells are then cultured by techniques known in the art in the presence of a fucose analog to produce the antibody. Typically, for the expression of double-chained antibodies, vectors encoding both the heavy and light chains can be co-expressed in the host cell for expression of the entire immunoglobulin molecule.

A variety of mammalian cells and cell lines can be utilized to express an antibody or derivative thereof. For example, mammalian cells such as Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO) (e.g., DG44, Dxb11, CHO-K, CHO-K1 and CHO-S) can be used. In some embodiments, human cell lines are used. Suitable myeloma cell lines include SP2/0 and IR983F and human myeloma cell lines such as Namalwa. Other suitable cells include human embryonic kidney cells (e.g., HEK293), monkey kidney cells (e.g., COS), human epithelial cells (e.g., HeLa), PERC6, Wil-2, Jurkat, Vero, Molt-4, BHK, and K₆H6. Other suitable host cells include YB2/0 cells. In other embodiments, the host cells are not YB2/0 cells.

In some embodiments, the host cells are from a hybridoma. In some embodiments, the host cells are not a hybridoma produced by a fusion generated with NS0 myeloma cells. In other embodiments, the host cells are not from a hybridoma.

In some embodiments, the host cells do not contain a fucose transporter gene knockout. In some embodiments, the host cells do not contain a fucosyltransferase (e.g., FUT8) gene knockout. In some embodiments, the host cells do not contain a knock-in of a GnTIII encoding nucleic acid. In some embodiments, the host cells do not contain a knock-in of a golgi alpha mannosidase II encoding nucleic acid.

A variety of mammalian host-expression vector systems can be utilized to express an antibody or derivative thereof. For example, mammalian cells such as Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO) (e.g., DG44, Dxb11, CHO-K1 and CHO-S) in conjunction with a vector such as the major intermediate early gene promoter element from human cytomegalovirus or the Chinese hamster ovary EF-1α promoter, is an effective expression system for the production of antibodies and derivatives thereof (see, e.g., Foecking et al., 1986, Gene 45:101; Cockett et al., 1990, Bio/Technology 8:2; Allison, U.S. Pat. No. 5,888,809).

The cell lines are cultured in the appropriate culture medium. Suitable culture media include those containing, for example, salts, carbon source (e.g., sugars), nitrogen source, amino acids, trace elements, antibiotics, selection agents, and the like, as required for growth. For example, commercially available media such as Ham's F (Sigma), Minimal Essential Medium (MEM, Sigma), RPMI-1640 (Sigma), Dulbecco's Modified Eagle's Medium ((DMEM, Sigma), PowerCHO™ cell culture media (Lonza Group Ltd.) Hybridoma Serum-Free Medium (HSFM) (GIBCO) are suitable for culturing the host cells. Any of these media may be supplemented as necessary with hormones and/or other growth factors (such as insulin, transferrin, or epidermal growth factor), salts (such as sodium chloride, calcium, magnesium, and phosphate), buffers (such as HEPES), nucleotides (such as adenosine and thymidine), antibiotics (such as GENTAMYCIN™), trace elements (defined as inorganic compounds usually present at final concentrations in the micromolar range), and glucose or an equivalent energy source. Any other necessary supplements may also be included at appropriate concentrations that would be known to those skilled in the art. The culture conditions, such as temperature, pH, and the like, can be those previously used with the host cell selected for expression, and will be apparent to the ordinarily skilled artisan.

The culture media preferably is not supplemented with fucose. In some embodiments, the culture media is a serum-free media. In some embodiments, the culture media is an animal-derived protein free (i.e., animal protein free) media.

An effective amount of a fucose analog is added to the culture media. In this context, an “effective amount” refers to an amount of the analog that is sufficient to decrease fucose incorporation into a complex N-glycoside-linked sugar chain of an antibody or antibody derivative by at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40% or at least 50%. In some embodiments, the effective amount of the fucose analog is sufficient to reduce fucose incorporation into a complex N-glycoside-linked sugar chain of an antibody or antibody derivative by at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80% or at least 90%.

The cells expressing the antibody or antibody derivative can be cultured by growing the host cell in any suitable volume of culture media supplemented with the fucose analog. The cells may be cultured in any suitable culture system and according to any method known in the art, including T-flasks, spinner and shaker flasks, WaveBag® bags, roller bottles, bioreactors and stirred-tank bioreactors. Anchorage-dependent cells can also be cultivated on microcarrier, e.g., polymeric spheres, that are maintained in suspension in stirred-tank bioreactors. Alternatively, cells can be grown in single-cell suspension. Culture medium may be added in a batch process, e.g., where culture medium is added once to the cells in a single batch, or in a fed batch process in which small batches of culture medium are periodically added. Medium can be harvested at the end of culture or several times during culture. Continuously perfused production processes are also known in the art, and involve continuous feeding of fresh medium into the culture, while the same volume is continuously withdrawn from the reactor. Perfused cultures generally achieve higher cell densities than batch cultures and can be maintained for weeks or months with repeated harvests.

For cells grown in batch culture, the volume of culture medium is typically at least 750 mL, 1 liter, 2 liters, 3 liters, 4 liters, 5 liters, 10 liters, 15 liters, 20 liters or more. For industrial applications, the volume of the culture medium can be at least 100 liters, at least 200 liters, at least 250 liters, at least 500 liters, at least 750 liters, at least 1000 liters, at least 2000 liters, at least 5000 liters or at least 10,000 liters. The fucose analog may be added to the seed train, to the initial batch culture medium, after a rapid growth phase, or continuously with culture medium (e.g., during continuous feeding). For example, the fucose analog may be added to an early seed train or feedstock at a 10× or 100× concentration, such that subsequent additions of culture media change the concentration of fucose analog to a level that is still effective in achieving non-core fucosylation of the antibody or antibody derivative. Alternatively, the fucose analog is added directly to the culture media, obviating the need for dilution. In any case, the fucose analog is typically added relatively early in the cell culturing process and an effective concentration is maintained throughout the culturing process in order to optimize production of the desired antibody or antibody derivative.

In some embodiments, antibodies or antibody derivatives produced by the instant methods comprise at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40% or at least 50% non-core fucosylated protein (e.g., lacking core fucosylation), as compared with antibodies or antibody derivatives produced from the host cells cultured in the absence of a fucose analog. In some embodiments, antibodies or antibody derivatives produced by the instant methods comprise at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90% or at least 95% non-core fucosylated antibody or antibody derivative, as compared with antibody or derivative produced from the host cells cultured in the absence of a fucose analog. In some embodiments, a composition of antibodies or antibody derivatives produced by the instant methods comprises less than 100% non-core fucosylated antibodies and/or antibody derivatives.

The amount of the fucose analog (of any of Formulae I, II, III, IV, V and VI) that is effective can be determined by standard cell culture methodologies. For example, cell culture assays may be employed to help identify optimal dosing ranges. The precise amount to be employed also depends on the time of administration, the host cell line, the cell density and the like. Effective doses may be extrapolated from dose-response curves derived from in vitro model test systems.

In some embodiments, the fucose analog is present in the culture medium at a concentration of 10 nM to 50 mM. In some embodiments, the fucose analog is present in the culture medium at a concentration of 10 nM to 10 mM. In some embodiments, the fucose analog is present in the culture medium at a concentration of 100 nM to 5 mM. In some embodiments, the fucose analog is present in the culture medium at a concentration of 100 nM to 3 mM. In some embodiments, the fucose analog is present in the culture medium at a concentration of 100 nM to 2 mM. In some embodiments, the fucose analog is present in the culture medium at a concentration of 100 μM to 1 mM. In some embodiments, the fucose analog is present in the culture medium at a concentration of 1 μM to 1 mM. In some embodiments, the fucose analog is present in the culture medium at a concentration of 10 μM to 1 mM. In some embodiments, the fucose analog is present in the culture medium at a concentration of 10 nM to 500 μM. In some embodiments, the fucose analog is present in the culture medium at a concentration of 1 μM to 500 μM. In some embodiments, the fucose analog is present in the culture medium at a concentration of 1 μM to 250 μM. In some embodiments, the fucose analog is present in the culture medium at a concentration of 10 μM to 100 μM. In some embodiments, the fucose analog is soluble in the culture medium (at the appropriate temperature for host cell maintenance/growth) at a concentration of at least 10 nM. In some embodiments, the fucose analog is soluble in the culture medium (at the appropriate temperature for host cell maintenance/growth) at a concentration of at least 100 nM.

The content (e.g., the ratio) of sugar chains in which fucose is not bound to N-acetylglucosamine in the reducing end of the sugar chain versus sugar chains in which fucose is bound to N-acetylglucosamine in the reducing end of the sugar chain can be determined, for example, as described in the Examples. Other methods include hydrazinolysis or enzyme digestion (see, e.g., Biochemical Experimentation Methods 23: Method for Studying Glycoprotein Sugar Chain (Japan Scientific Societies Press), edited by Reiko Takahashi (1989)), fluorescence labeling or radioisotope labeling of the released sugar chain and then separating the labeled sugar chain by chromatography. Also, the compositions of the released sugar chains can be determined by analyzing the chains by the HPAEC-PAD method (see, e.g., J Liq Chromatogr. 6:1557 (1983)). (See generally U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2004-0110282.)

In some embodiments, the antibodies or antibody derivatives produce by the instant methods have higher effector function (e.g., ADCC activity) than the antibodies or antibody derivatives produced in the absence of a fucose analog. The effector function activity may be modulated by altering the concentration of the fucose analog in the culture medium and/or the duration of exposure to the fucose analog. ADCC activity may be measured using assays known in the art and in exemplary embodiments increases by at least 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 2-fold, 3-fold, 4-fold, 5-fold, 6-fold, 7-fold, 8-fold, 9-fold, 10-fold, 15-fold or 20-fold, as compared to the core fucosylated parent antibody. The cytotoxic activity against an antigen-positive cultured cell line can be evaluated by measuring effector function (e.g., as described in Cancer Immunol. Immunother. 36:373 (1993)).

Antibodies and antibody derivative can be purified using, for example, hydroxylapatite chromatography, gel electrophoresis, dialysis, and affinity chromatography, with affinity chromatography being a preferred purification technique. The suitability of protein A as an affinity ligand depends on the species and isotype of any immunoglobulin Fc domain that is present in the antibody or antibody derivative. Protein A can be used to purify antibodies or antibody derivatives that are based on human IgG1, 2, or 4 heavy chains.

Protein G can be used for mouse isotypes and for some human antibodies and antibody derivatives. The matrix to which the affinity ligand is attached is most often agarose, but other matrices are available. Mechanically stable matrices such as controlled pore glass or poly(styrenedivinyl)benzene allow for faster flow rates and shorter processing times than can be achieved with agarose. Where the antibody or antibody derivative comprises a C_(H)3 domain, the Bakerbond ABX™ resin (J. T. Baker, Phillipsburg, N.J.) is useful for purification. Other techniques for protein purification such as fractionation on an ion-exchange column (cationic or anionic exchange), ethanol precipitation, Reverse Phase HPLC, chromatography on silica, chromatography on heparin SEPHAROSE™ chromatography on an anion or cation exchange resin (such as a polyaspartic acid column), chromatofocusing, SDS-PAGE, and ammonium sulfate precipitation are also available depending on the antibody or antibody derivative to be recovered.

Following any purification step(s), the mixture comprising the antibody or antibody derivative of interest and contaminants may be subjected to low pH hydrophobic interaction chromatography (e.g., using an elution buffer at a pH between about 2.5-4.5, preferably performed at low salt concentrations (e.g., from about 0-0.25M salt)).

Uses of the Antibodies and Antibody Derivatives

Antibodies and antibody derivatives prepared according to the present methods can be used for a variety of therapeutic and non-therapeutic applications. For example, the antibodies can be used as therapeutic antibodies. Antibody derivatives (e.g., a receptor-Fc fusion) can be used as a therapeutic molecule. In some embodiments, the antibody or antibody derivative is not conjugated to another molecule. In some embodiments, the antibody is conjugated to a suitable drug (e.g., an antibody drug conjugate) or other active agent. The antibodies and antibody derivatives can also be used for non-therapeutic purposes, such as diagnostic assays, prognostic assays, release assays and the like.

Pharmaceutical Compositions.

Antibodies and antibody derivatives prepared according to the present methods can be formulated for therapeutic and non-therapeutic applications. The antibodies and derivatives can be formulated as pharmaceutical compositions comprising a therapeutically or prophylactically effective amount of the antibody or derivative and one or more pharmaceutically compatible (acceptable) ingredients. For example, a pharmaceutical or non-pharmaceutical composition typically includes one or more carriers (e.g., sterile liquids, such as water and oils, including those of petroleum, animal, vegetable or synthetic origin, such as peanut oil, soybean oil, mineral oil, sesame oil and the like). Water is a more typical carrier when the pharmaceutical composition is administered intravenously. Saline solutions and aqueous dextrose and glycerol solutions can also be employed as liquid carriers, particularly for injectable solutions. Suitable excipients include, for example, amino acids, starch, glucose, lactose, sucrose, gelatin, malt, rice, flour, chalk, silica gel, sodium stearate, glycerol monostearate, talc, sodium chloride, dried skim milk, glycerol, propylene, glycol, water, ethanol, and the like. The composition, if desired, can also contain minor amounts of wetting or emulsifying agents, or pH buffering agents. These compositions can take the form of solutions, suspensions, emulsion, tablets, pills, capsules, powders, sustained-release formulations and the like. Examples of suitable pharmaceutical carriers are described in “Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences” by E. W. Martin. Such compositions will typically contain a therapeutically effective amount of the protein, typically in purified form, together with a suitable amount of carrier so as to provide the form for proper administration to the patient. The formulations correspond to the mode of administration.

Typically, compositions for intravenous administration are solutions in sterile isotonic aqueous buffer. When necessary, the pharmaceutical can also include a solubilizing agent and a local anesthetic such as lignocaine to ease pain at the site of the injection. Generally, the ingredients are supplied either separately or mixed together in unit dosage form, for example, as a dry lyophilized powder or water free concentrate in a hermetically sealed container such as an ampoule or sachette indicating the quantity of active agent. When the pharmaceutical is to be administered by infusion, it can be dispensed with an infusion bottle containing sterile pharmaceutical grade water or saline. When the pharmaceutical is administered by injection, an ampoule of sterile water for injection or saline can be provided so that the ingredients can be mixed prior to administration.

The invention is further described in the following examples, which are not intended to limit the scope of the invention.

EXAMPLES Example 1 Synthesis of Alkynyl Fucose Peracetate and General Procedure for Synthesis of Fucose Analogs

The preparation of alkynyl fucose peracetate (also referred to as peracetyl alkynyl fucose and alkynyl peracetyl fucose) (Compound 7) was described by Sawa et al., 2006, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103:12371-12376 and Hsu et al., 2007, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 104:2614-2619, with the following modification. A Corey-Fuchs homologation sequence was employed to install the alkynyl group, as described by Pelphrey et al., 2007, J. Med. Chem. 50:940-950.

General methods for other fucose analogs: Common reagents and solvents were purchased from either Fisher or Sigma-Aldrich except as follows: L-galactono-1,4-lactone was purchased from Carbosynth Limited. ¹H-NMR spectra were recorded on a Varian Mercury spectrometer at 400 MHz. LC/MS data were obtained on a Waters Micromass instrument using an HP 1100 HPLC with a PDA detector. The column used was a Phenomenex SynergiMax RP-C12 column (2 mm×150 mm) eluting with a MeCN-water gradient containing 0.05% formic acid. Flash column chromatography (FCC) was performed using 230-400 mesh ASTM silica gel from EM Science or using a Chromatotron. Analtech silica gel GHLF plates were used for thinlayer chromatography and TLC plates were stained with vanillin or iodine. HPLC was performed using a Waters Alliance system with a PDA detector.

Example 2 Antibody Expression in the Presence of Alkynyl Fucose Peracetate

To determine the effect of alkynyl fucose peracetate on glycosylation of antibodies, a CHO DG44 cell line expressing a humanized IgG1 anti-CD70 monoclonal antibody, h1F6 (see International Patent Publication WO 06/113909) was cultured at 3.0×10⁵ cells per mL in 30 mLs of CHO culture media at 37°, 5% CO₂, by shaking at 100 RPM in 125 mL shake flasks. The CHO culture media was supplemented with insulin like growth factor (IGF), penicillin, streptomycin and either 50 or 100 μM alkynyl fucose peracetate (prepared as described in Example 1). Cultures were fed on day 3 with 2% volume of feed media containing 2.5 or 5 mM alkynyl fucose peracetate for the 50 and 100 μM alkynyl fucose peracetate cultures, respectively. On day four, each culture was split 1:4 into fresh culture media. Cultures were fed with a 6% volume of feed media containing 833 μM or 1.66 mM alkynyl fucose peracetate on days 5, 7, 9 and 10. Conditioned media was collected on day 13 by passing the media through a 0.2 μm filter.

Antibody purification was performed by applying the conditioned media to a protein A column pre-equilibrated with 1× phosphate buffered saline (PBS), pH 7.4. After washing the column with 20 column volumes of 1×PBS, antibodies were eluted with 5 column volumes of Immunopure IgG elution buffer (Pierce Biotechnology, Rockford, Ill.). A 10% volume of 1M tris pH 8.0 was added to eluted fraction. The sample was dialyzed overnight into 1×PBS.

Example 3 LC-MS (Q-T of) Analysis of Antibodies Produced by Expression in the Presence of Alkynyl Fucose Peracetate

To identify the glycosylation pattern present on purified h1F6 antibodies from Example 2, antibody interchain disulfide bonds were reduced by adding 10 μL of 100 mM DTT to 90 μL of 1 mg/mL antibody in PBS and incubation at 37° C. for 15 min. This solution (20 μL) was injected onto a PLRP-S HPLC column (Polymer Laboratories; Amherst, Mass.) running the following gradient: solvent A, 0.05% TFA in water; solvent B, 0.035% TFA in acetonitrile; a linear gradient of 70 to 50% A from 0 to 12.5 min. The HPLC effluent was analyzed with an electrospray ionization Q-T of mass spectrometer (Waters, Milford, Mass.) with a cone voltage of 35 V collecting from m/z 500 to 4000. Data for the heavy chain were deconvoluted using the MaxEnt1 function in MassLynx 4.0.

Surprisingly, the heavy chains of antibodies from cells grown in the presence of alkynyl fucose peracetate showed a decrease by about 146 Da, as compared to control antibodies (i.e., heavy chains of antibodies from cells grown in the absence of alkynyl fucose peracetate). This observation suggested that addition of alkynyl fucose peracetate to the culture did not grossly alter the glycosylation pattern of the antibodies. Instead, addition of alkynyl fucose peracetate caused a minor but detectable change in glycosylation. The change in mass is consistent with the absence of fucose in the antibodies.

Example 4 Capillary Electrophoresis of Oligosaccharides

To further characterize the glycans on the h1F6 antibodies from Example 3, capillary electrophoresis was performed. Samples of the antibodies were buffer-exchanged into water. 300 μg of each sample was treated with PNGaseF overnight at 37° C. to release oligosaccharides. The protein component of the sample was removed by addition of cold methanol (−20° C.) and centrifuged for 10 minutes at 14,000 rpm. The supernatant was dried and oligosaccharides were labeled using APTS (8-aminopyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonic acid, trisodium salt) in 1M sodium cyanoborohydride/THF at 22° C. overnight. Labeled oligosaccharides were diluted with water and analyzed by capillary electrophoresis using a Beckman Coulter PA-800 in a N—CHO coated capillary (Beckman Coulter). For FIG. 1A, the samples were run in N-linked gel buffer (Beckman Coulter, Fullerton, Calif., USA). For FIGS. 1B and 1C, the samples were run in 40 mM EACA, 0.2% HPMC at pH 4.5. Samples were injected for 8 seconds at 0.5 psi and separated at 30 kV for 15 minutes. Labeled oligosaccharides were detected using laser induced fluorescence (LFI) with an excitation wavelength of 488λ. Emission fluorescence was detected at 520λ.

Samples of the antibodies were also treated with β-galactosidase to remove galactose. The antibody samples were buffer exchanged into water. 300 μg of each sample was treated with PNGaseF overnight at 37° C. to release oligosaccharides. The protein component of the sample was removed by addition of cold methanol (−20° C.) and centrifugation for 10 minutes at 14,000 rpm. The supernatants were dried, resuspended in water and treated with β-galactosidase. Oligosaccharides were dried and then labeled using APTS in 1M sodium cyanoborohydride/THF at 22° C. overnight. Labeled oligosaccharides were diluted with water and analyzed by capillary electrophoresis using a Beckman Coulter PA-800, in a N—CHO coated capillary (Beckman Coulter) running in 40 mM EACA, 0.2% HPMC at pH 4.5. Samples were injected for 8 seconds at 0.5 psi and separated at 30 kV for 15 minutes. Labeled oligosaccharides were detected using laser induced fluorescence (LFI) with an excitation wavelength of 488λ. Emission fluorescence was detected at 520λ.

An analysis of the data from the capillary electrophoresis is shown in FIG. 1. Referring to FIG. 1A, the electropherogram of glycans from the control h1F6 antibody are shown. FIG. 1B shows an electropherogram of glycans from the h1F6 antibody produced from a host cell grown in the presence of alkynyl fucose peracetate. A comparison of FIGS. 1A and 1B reveals increased amounts of non-core fucosylated G0-F (and a corresponding decrease in core fucosylated G0 and G1 levels). Because the non-core fucosylated G1 peak co-migrated with the core fucosylated G0, it was difficult to determine the relative distribution of the different glycans. To de-convolute the data, separate antibody samples were treated with β-galactosidase. Referring to FIG. 1C, removing the galactose effectively collapsed the electropherogram to two peaks, G0 and G0-F (lacking fucose). In this β-galactosidase treated sample, approximately 85% of the oligosaccharide is non-core fucosylated and 6% is core fucosylated. The remainder consists of minor species.

Example 5 Antibody Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity (ADCC) Assay

To confirm that some of the h1F6 antibody produced in Example 2 was not core fucosylated (as compared to the parent antibody), the activity of the antibody was determined by an ADCC assay. The ADCC activity assay was a standard ⁵¹Cr release assay, as described previously (see McEarchem et al., Blood 109:1185 (2007)). Briefly, 786-0 cell line target tumor cells were labeled with 100 μCi Na[⁵¹Cr]O₄ and then washed. Effector (NK) cells were prepared from non-adherent peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) obtained from normal FcγRIIIA 158V donors (Lifeblood, Memphis, Tenn.). The cell fraction was enriched for CD16⁺ NK cells following centrifugation over a Ficoll-Paque density gradient by removal of T, B, and monocyte subsets and negative depletion of CD4, CD8, CD20, and CD14+ cells using immunomagnetic beads (EasySep, StemCell Technologies, Vancouver, BC, Canada). Na₂[⁵¹Cr]O₄-labeled 786-O target tumor cells were mixed with mAb and the CD16+ effector cells at an effector:target cell ratio of 10:1.

After a 4 h incubation at 37° C., the radioactivity (⁵¹Cr) released into the culture supernatant was measured and the percent specific cell lysis calculated as (test sample cpm−spontaneous cpm)/(total cpm−spontaneous cpm)×100. Spontaneous and total cpm were determined from the supernatants of target cells incubated in medium alone and from target cells lysed with 1% triton-X100, respectively.

Referring to FIG. 2, in the ADCC assay using PBMC as a source of natural killer (NK) cells (having the 158V phenotype), control anti-CD70 mAb (shaded circles) lysed CD70+ target cells in a dose dependent fashion, while no lysis was observed with nonbinding control human IgG (shaded diamonds). In contrast, anti-CD70 antibody isolated from host cells grown in the presence of alkynyl fucose peracetate (“AlkF”) has enhanced ADCC activity (open circles and triangles). The half maximal lysis (EC₅₀) of control anti-CD70 antibody was about 9 ng/mL while the EC₅₀ concentrations of mAb produced in the presence of 50 μM and 100 μM AlkF were 0.5 and 0.3 ng/mL, respectively. The latter antibodies also gave rise to higher maximal specific lysis (53.3±3.8 and 54.8±4.7 percent) compared to that achieved with control anti-CD70 mAb (42.5±5.8 percent).

Example 6 FcγR Binding Assays

Fcγ receptor binding assays were performed to compare the binding of control CD70 antibody with the non-core fucosylated antibodies of Example 2. Briefly, stable CHO DG-44 cell lines expressing human FcγRIIIA V158 or murine FcγRIV were combined with 50 nmol/L or 200 nmol/L Alexa Fluor 488 labeled anti-CD70 IgG1, respectively, in the presence of serial dilutions of each of the following anti-CD70 antibodies in PBS, 0.1% BSA (w/v) buffer: control h1F6 antibody, and h1F6 antibody from host cells cultured with alkynyl fucose peracetate. The mixtures were incubated for 60 minutes on ice in the dark. Labeled cells were detected using an LSRII FACS analyzer and data were analyzed by a nonlinear least squares fit to a 4-parameter logistic equation using Prism v5.01 to estimate EC₅₀ values.

Non-core fucosylated anti-CD70 antibodies (triangles) competed for binding to huFcγ receptors (FIG. 3A) and muFcγ receptors (FIG. 3B) with fluorescently-labeled anti-CD70 parent antibody (squares). The non-core fucosylated anti-CD70 out-competed the parent (control) anti-CD70 antibody for binding to the murine receptor, muFcγRIV, with EC₅₀ values of 20.8 nM and 368.9 in M, respectively (an 18 fold difference). Non-core fucosylated anti-CD70 also out-competed the parent antibody in binding to the human receptor, huFcγRIIIA V158, with EC₅₀ values of 7.99 nM and 112.9 nM, respectively (a 14-fold difference).

Example 7 Expression of Other Antibodies in the Presence of Alkynyl Fucose Peracetate

To confirm the effect of alkynyl fucose peracetate on glycosylation of additional antibodies, antibodies were expressed from the following cell lines: CD70 Ab h1F6 in DG44 cells; CD19 Ab hBU12 in DG44 cells (see U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/080,169, filed Jul. 11, 2008); CD30 Ab cAC10 in DG44 cells; and CD33 Ab HuM195 in SP2/0 and CHO-K1 cell (see also U.S. Ser. No. 12/253,895, filed Oct. 17, 2008). Briefly, the cell lines were initially cultured at 3.0×10⁵ cells per mL in 30 mLs of CHO selection media at 37° C., 5% CO₂ and shaking at 100 RPM. The media was supplemented with insulin like growth factor (IGF), penicillin, streptomycin and 50 μM alkynyl fucose peracetate, as described. The cultures were fed on day 3 with 2% volume of feed media containing 2.5 mM alkynyl fucose peracetate. On day four, the cultures were split 1:4 into fresh culture media. Cultures were fed with a 6% volume of feed media containing 833 μM alkynyl fucose peracetate on days 5, 7, 9 and 10. Conditioned media was collected on day 13 by passing the culture through a 0.2 μm filter.

Antibody purification was performed by applying the conditioned media to a protein A column—pre-equilibrated with 1× phosphate buffered saline (PBS), pH 7.4. Antibodies were eluted with 5 column volumes of Immunopure IgG elution buffer (Pierce Biotechnology, Rockford, Ill.). A 10% volume of 1 M tris pH 8.0 was added to the eluted fraction. The sample was dialyzed overnight into 1×PBS.

Qtof analysis of the antibodies revealed similar results to those of Example 3. Relative to heavy chains of antibodies produced from host cells grown in the absence of alkynyl fucose peracetate, heavy chains of antibodies from cells grown in the presence of alkynyl fucose peracetate were observed to decrease by about 146 Da, consistent with the absence of fucose. Referring to FIG. 4, for the G0 peak (no galactose) for each antibody, the observed shift in mass between heavy chain from cells grown in the absence and presence of alkynyl fucose peracetate (upper and lower portions of each panel) was a decrease of 144 Da (anti-CD70 antibody, FIG. 4A), 145 Da (anti-CD19 antibody, FIG. 4B), 146 Da (anti-CD30 antibody, FIG. 4C), and 146 Da (anti-CD33 antibody, FIG. 4D). These decreases in molecular weight are inconsistent with loss of any other sugar found in antibody carbohydrate other than fucose: mannose and galactose, 162 Da, N-acetylglucosamine, 203 Da, and sialic acid, 291 Da.

Example 8 Effector Function Assays

The effector functions, ADCC and ACCP, of a non-core fucosylated, humanized CD19 antibody, hBU12, was determined. ADCC activity was generally measured as described in Example 5 using Ramos cells. NK cells were isolated from individuals with 158V and 158F FcγRIIIa phenotypes.

Antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP) was assessed using a previously described method (see McEarchern et al., Blood 109:1185 (2007)). Briefly, target Ramos cells were incubated with the fluorescent dye PKH26 (Sigma, St. Louis, Mo.) prior to addition of the antibody and primary human macrophages. Macrophages were generated from normal human PBMCs cultured for 10 to 14 days with 500 U/ml human G-MCSF (PeproTech, Rocky Hill, N.J.). After a 1 h incubation at 37° C., the macrophages were labeled with a FITC-conjugated CD11b antibody (BD Pharmingen). Uptake of the target cells by the macrophages (phagocytosis) was assessed by flow cytometry and visualized by immunofluorescence using a Carl Zeiss Axiovert 200M microscope. Specific phagocytosis was determined by correcting for the hIgG1 background values.

Referring to FIGS. 5A and 5B, the non-core fucosylated CD19 antibody (closed triangles) exhibited an approximately 100-fold increase in EC₅₀ in the 158 V background, with a 3.5-fold increase in maximum target cell lysis, as compared with the control (core fucosylated) antibody (closed squares). In the 158F background, the non-core fucosylated CD19 antibody (open triangles) had a 100 fold increase in EC₅₀ and a 10-fold increase in maximum target cell lysis, as compared with the control (core fucosylated) antibody. In contrast, no change in ACDP activity was observed between the non-core fucosylated and control antibody (data not shown).

Example 9 Expression of Antibodies from Hybridomas

Three antibody expressing hybridoma lines were tested to determine the effect of alkynyl fucose peracetate on antibody core fucosylation from these cell lines. These hybridomas were: 1) a BALB/C mouse spleen cell and a P2×63-AG 8.653 mouse myeloma cell fusion expressing the chimeric anti-ley antigen antibody BR96; 2) a BALB/C mouse spleen cell and a NS0 mouse myeloma cell fusion expressing a murine anti-Liv1 antibody; and 3) a BALB/C mouse spleen cell and a SP2/0 mouse myeloma cell fusion expressing a murine anti-Liv-1 antibody. These hybridomas were cultured at 3.0×10⁵ cells per mL in 30 mLs of Hybridoma Serum Free Media (Invitrogen, Carlsbad Calif.) supplemented with 50 μM alkynyl fucose peracetate at 37° C., 5% CO₂ and shaking at 100 RPM in a 125 mL shake flask. Cultures were fed on day 3 with 2% volume of a feed media. On day four, the culture was split 1:4 into fresh culture media. Cultures were fed with a 6% volume of feed media on days 5, 7, 9 and 10. Conditioned media was collected when the viability of the culture dropped below 60% or on day 13 by passing culture through a 0.2 μm filter.

Antibody purification was performed by applying the conditioned media to a protein A column pre-equilibrated with 1× phosphate buffered saline (PBS), pH 7.4. After washing column with 20 column volumes of 1×PBS, antibodies were eluted with 5 column volumes of Immunopure IgG elution buffer (Pierce Biotechnology, Rockford, Ill.). A 10% volume of 1M tris pH 8.0 was added to eluted fraction. The sample was dialyzed overnight into 1×PBS.

At the concentration of alkyl fucose peracetate tested, core fucosylation was inhibited in the hybridoma from the BALB/C-SP2/0 fusion, but not the BALB/C/P2×63-AG 8.653 and NS0 fusions.

Example 10 Synthesis of 5-ethynylarabinose tetraacetate (7)

1,2:3,4-Di-O-isopropylidene-α-L-galactose (2): The compounds in Scheme 1 were generally prepared as described by Hsu et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 104:2614-19 (2004). Briefly, L-galactono-1,4-lactone (1) (10 g, 56.1 mmol) in CH₃OH (60 ml) was combined with water (250.0 ml) at 0° C. and Amberlite IR 120 (H+) resin (10 g). NaBH₄ (1.0 equiv. 2.22 g, 56 mmol) was added portion wise over the course of 1 h (6 additions) with slow stirring. After NaBH₄ addition was complete, the reaction mixture was slowly stirred for 1 h at 0° C. and then stirred vigorously at 0° C. for 15 min to promote the decomposition of the remaining NaBH₄. The liquid was decanted, the resin washed with methanol (2×25 mL) and the solution concentrated under reduced pressure and then under high vacuum overnight resulting in the formation of a glass. To the resulting solid was added acetone (220.0 ml), CuSO₄ (22 g) and H₂SO₄ (2 ml) and the solution was stirred vigorously at room temperature for at least 24 h. After 24 h, inspection by TLC (50% ethyl acetate in hexanes) showed product formation by staining with vanillin dip stain and heat (R_(f)˜0.5). The reaction mixture was neutralized with Ca(OH)₂ or Cu(OH)₂ (˜15 g) and vacuum filtered. The residue was purified by flash radial chromatography with a gradient elution from 10% to 50% ethyl acetate in hexanes. Clean fractions were combined to afford 3.3 g; (23%): ¹H NMR (CD₃OD, 400 MHz) δ: 5.48(d, J=4.5 Hz, 1H), 4.62 (dd, J=7.8, 2.3 Hz, 1H), 4.24 (dd, J=4.9, 2.3 Hz), 4.27 (dd, J=8.0, 1.8 Hz), 3.85 (m, 1H), 3.64 (m, 2H), 1.51 (s, 3H), 1.39 (s, 3H), 1.32 (s, 6H).

1,2:3,4-di-O-isopropylidene-α-L-galactal pyranoside (3): A suspension of pyridinium chlorochromate (PCC) (8.2 g, 38 mmol), sodium acetate (6.2 g, 76 mmol) and 4-Å molecular sieves (16 g) in dry methylene chloride (114 ml) was stirred for 1 h. To this mixture was added a solution of the alcohol (Compound 2) (3.3 g, 12.7 mmol) in dry methylene chloride (57 ml) drop-wise, and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 h. The reaction mixture was diluted with hexane/ether (1:1, 300 ml), and the solution was filtered through a bed of silica gel. The filter pad was washed with ethyl acetate (200 mL). The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure and high vacuum overnight to give 2.9 g (88%): ¹H NMR (C₆D₆; 400 MHz) δ 9.61 (s, 1H), 5.44 (d, J=5.1 Hz, 1H), 4.27 (dd, J=2.3 Hz, 1H), 4.24 (dd, J=2.3 Hz, 1H), 4.13 (d, J=2.3 Hz, 1H), 4.04 (dd, J=2.3 Hz, 1H), 1.32 (s, 3H), 1.2 (s, 3H), 0.98 (s, 3H), 0.93 (s, 3H).

Dibromo-olefin (4): To a flame-dried 25 mL round-bottom flask was added CBr₄ (2.38 g, 7.14 mmol) and methylene chloride (50 mL). The solution was cooled to 0° C. and Ph₃P (3.71 g, 14.3 mmol) was added. The mixture was stirred for 15 min, and the aldehyde (Compound 3) (0.62 g, 2.38 mmol) was added as a solution in methylene chloride (5 mL). The reaction was monitored by TLC. After 5 min., the reaction was complete. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure to approximately 5 mL and this was directly purified by flash column chromatography with 10% followed by 25% ethyl acetate in hexanes. The product-containing fractions (stains dark purple with vanillin stain (R_(f)˜0.5 in 25% ethyl acetate in hexanes)) were combined and concentrated to give 495 mg. (51%): ¹H NMR (CDCl₃; 400 MHz) δ: 6.86 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 1H), 5.39 (d, J=4.9 Hz, 1H), 4.62 (dd, J=8.0, 1.8 Hz, 1H), 4.37 (dd, J=7.8, 2.3 Hz), 4.03 (dd, J=5.1, 2.5 Hz, 1H), 3.90 (dd, J=5.8, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 1.1 (s, 3H), 1.0 (s, 3H), 0.67 (s, 3H), 0.63 (s, 3H).

6,7-Deoxy-1,2:3,4-di-O-isopropylidene-α-L-galacto-hept-6-ynopyranoside (5): To the dibromo olefin (Compound 4) (500 mg, 1.2 mmol) in THF (15 mL) at −78° C. was added n-BuLi (3.0 mL of a 1.6M solution in hexanes; 4.87 mmol) and the reaction was stirred for 1 h before being treated with a solution of ammonium chloride. The layers were separated and the aqueous was extracted with hexanes (3×50 mL). The combined extracts were washed with brine and dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated. The resulting residue was purified via radial chromatography to give 483 mg (79%): ¹H NMR (CDCl₃; 400 MHz) δ: 5.39(d, J=5.0 Hz, 1H), 4.69 (t, J=2.3 Hz, 1H), 4.36 (dd, J=7.6, 2.5 Hz), 4.01 (dd, J=5.0, 2.5 Hz, 1H), 3.94 (dd, J=7.6, 2.0 Hz, 1H), 2.01 (d, J=2.3 Hz, 1H), 1.50 (s, 3H), 1.23 (s, 3H), 1.11 (s, 3H), 0.92 (s, 3H).

5-ethynylarabinose (6): To a flask containing the alkyne (Compound 5) (0.483 g, 1.9 mmol), TFA solution (10 ml, 90% TFA in H₂O) was slowly added at 0° C. The reaction was stirred on ice for 1 h and concentrated in vacuo.

5-ethynylarabinose tetraacetate (7): (General Procedure) The resulting residue of 5-ethynylarabinose (Compound 6) was treated with pyridine (10 ml), N,N,dimethylaminopyridine (5.0 mg), and acetic anhydride (10 ml), stirred overnight, concentrated to a residue and diluted with dichloromethane. The mixture was aspirated onto a 4 mm radial chromatotron plate and eluted with 25% followed by 50% ethyl acetate in hexanes. The product was isolate as an inseparable mixture of pyranose and furnanose α and β-anomers. Yield: 495 mg (76%): LRMS (ESI⁺) m/z 365 (M+Na)⁺, 283 (M-OAc)⁺

Example 11 Synthesis of 6-Methyl-L-galactose pentaacetate

1,2:3,4-di-O-isopropylidene-α-L-6-methylgalactopyranoside (8): Referring to Scheme 2, to a flame-dried flask was added ether (2 mL) and CH₃MgBr (258 μL of a 3M solution). This was followed by the addition of the aldehyde (Compound 3) (100 mg) in ether (2 mL), added drop-wise. The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for several hours and was monitored by TLC. The reaction mixture was quenched with saturated aqueous ammonium chloride and the mixture was extracted with ether (3×50 mL). The combined extracts were washed with water and brine and dried over MgSO₄. Filtration and concentration gave a residue that was analyzed by ¹H NMR revealing a diastereomeric mixture. The residue was purified via radial chromatography on a 1 mm plate eluting with 10% to 25% ethyl acetate in hexanes (R_(f)=0.2; 25% ethyl acetate in hexanes). The yield was 59 mg (55%): ¹H NMR-major isomer (CDCl₃; 400 MHz) δ: 5.61 (d, 1H), 4.62 (dd, 1H), 4.38 (d, 1H), 4.73 (dd, 1H), 4.04 (m, 1H), 1.56 (s, 3H), 1.50 (s, 3H), 1.37 (s, 3H), 1.28 (d, 3H).

6-Methyl-L-galactose pentaacetate (9): Compound 9 was prepared from Compound 8 by following the general procedure for acetonide hydrolysis and peracetylation in Example 10. LRMS (ESI⁺) m/z 345 (M-OAc)⁺.

Example 12 Synthesis of L-Galactose Pentaacetate

L-galactose pentaacetate (10): Compound 10 was synthesized from Compound 2 following the general procedure for acetonide hydrolysis and peracetylation in Example 10. (49% overall): LRMS (ESI⁺) m/z 331 (M-OAc)⁺.

Example 13 Synthesis of 5-vinylarabinose tetraacetate

6,7-Deoxy-1,2:3,4-di-O-isopropylidene-α-L-galacto-hept-6-enopyranoside (11): Referring to Scheme 4, to a −78° C. solution of Ph₃PCH₃Br (192 mg, 0.54 mmol) in THF (2 mL) was added n-BuLi (0.34 mL of a 1.6M solution in THF; 0.54 mmol). The mixture was stirred at −78° C. for 15 min, followed by the addition of aldehyde (Compound 3) (46.3 mg, 0.18 mmol). The mixture was allowed to warm to an ambient temperature over 1.5 h before being diluted with diethyl ether (25 mL) and quenched with saturated aqueous ammonium chloride (25 mL). The organic layer was washed with brine, dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The resulting residue was purified on silica gel (10% ethyl acetate in hexane; TLC R_(f)=0.56 25% ethyl acetate in hexanes) to give 22.8 mg (49%): ¹H NMR (CDCl₃; 400 mHz) δ: 5.93 (ddd, 1H), 5.59 (d, 1H), 5.37 (dt, 1H), 5.28 (dt, 1H), 4.62 (dd, 1H), 4.31 (m, 2H), 4.23 (dd, 1H), 1.54 (s, 3H), 1.47 (s, 3H), 1.35 (s, 3H).

5-vinylarabinose tetraacetate (12): Compound 12 was prepared from Compound 11 following the general procedure for acetonide hydrolysis and peracetylation of Example 10. Yield: 62% overall.

Example 14 Synthesis of 5-(1-propynyl)-arabinose tetraacetate

6,7-Deoxy-1,2:3,4-di-O-isopropylidene-α-L-galacto-oct-6-ynopyranoside (13): Referring to Scheme 5, to a −78° C. solution of the dibromo-olefin (Compound 4) (52 mg, 0.126 mmol) in THF (1.6 mL) was added n-BuLi (0.3 mL of a 1.6M solution in THF; 0.5 mmol) and the mixture was stirred for 1 h at −78° C. A solution of methyl iodide (47 μL, 0.63 mmol) in THF (0.5 mL) was added drop-wise, and the reaction mixture was allowed to warm to an ambient temperature over several hours. The reaction mixture was again cooled to −78° C. and saturated aqueous ammonium chloride (20 mL) was added. The resulting mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (3×20 mL) and the combined organics were washed with saturated aqueous sodium chloride, dried of magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The resulting residue was purified on silica gel eluting with 10% ethyl acetate in hexanes to give 16.9 mg (50%) of product as an oil. 5-(1-propynyl)-arabinose-1,2,3,4-tetraacetate (14): Compound 14 was prepared from Compound 13 following the general procedure for acetonide hydrolysis and peracetylation in Example 10. Yield: 58% overall.

Example 15 Synthesis of 5-cyano-arabinopyranose-1,2,3,4-tetraacetate and 5-cyano-arabinofuranose-1,2,3,5-tetraacetate

1,2:3,4-Di-O-isopropylidene-α-L-galactodialdo-1,5-pyranose-6-oxime (15). Compound 15 was generally prepared as described by Streicher and Wunsch, Carbohydr Res. 338(22):2375-85 (2003). Referring to Scheme 6, the aldehyde (Compound 3) (200 mg, 0.77 mmol), hydroxylamine hydrochloride (161 mg, 2.32 mmol, 3.0 eq.), and NaOAc (127 mg, 1.55 mmol, 2.0 eq.) were diluted in MeOH (10 mL, 0.1 M) followed by the addition of water (1 mL, 10% v/v). The reaction stood for 20 h. The mixture was concentrated down to the aqueous layer to which it was extracted with ether (2×). The combined organics were extracted with NaOH (1×), and the aqueous layer acidified to pH 4-5 with 1 M HCl. The aqueous phase was extracted with ether (3×). The Et₂O layer was dried (MgSO₄) and concentrated in vacuo to provide the product as a white crystalline solid. Yield: (164 mg, 78%). LRMS (ESI⁺) m/z 274.1 (M+H)⁺. ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ: 1:1 mixture of (E):(Z) oxime isomers was detected. 1.33 (s, 12H), 1.46 (s, 6H), 1.54 (s, 3H), 1.55 (s, 3H), 4.29 (dd, J=2.0 Hz, 8.0 Hz, 1H), 4.34-4.36 (m, 2H), 4.43 (dd, J=2.0 Hz, 6.4 Hz, 1H), 4.62-4.63 (m, 3H), 5.00 (d, J=4.0 Hz, 1H), 5.55 (d, J=4.8 Hz, 2H), 6.80 (d, J=4.4 Hz, 1H), 7.46 (d, J=6.0 Hz, 1H).

5-cyano-fucose diacetonide (16) Compound 16 was generally prepared as described by Telvekar, Synthetic Communications 34(13):2331-2336 (2004). The oxime isomers (Compound 15) (160 mg, 0.5 mmol) were dissolved in CH₂Cl₂ (2 mL, 0.4 M). To this was added a solution of benzotriazole (70 mg, 0.5 mmol) and thionyl chloride (43 μL, 0.5 mmol) in 0.5 mL of CH₂Cl₂. The reaction was complete by TLC analysis in 5 min. The contents were filtered and the filtrate washed with sat. NaHCO₃ and water. The organic phase was dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered and evaporated. The crude product was purified by FCC eluting with 4:1 hexanes-EtOAc. Yield: 120 mg (81%). LRMS (ESI⁺) m/z 256.1 (M+H)⁺. ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ: 1.35 (s, 3H), 1.39 (s, 3H), 1.54 (s, 3H), 1.55 (s, 3H), 4.34 (dd, J=2.0 Hz, 7.6 Hz, 1H), 4.38 (dd, J=2.8 Hz, 4.8 Hz, 1H), 4.66 (m, 2H), 5.54 (d, J=5.2 Hz, 1H).

5-Cyano-arabinopyranose-1,2,3,4-tetraacetate (19) and 5-cyano-arabinofuranose-1,2,3,5-tetraacetate (20): Compounds 19 and 20 were prepared from Compound 16 following the general procedure for acetonide hydrolysis and peracetylation of Example 10. The resulting pyranose and furanose forms were separable by FCC (elution gradient—4:1 to 3:2 hexanes-EtOAc). Sequence of elution by TLC: pyranose (Rf 0.34), furanose (Rf.27) in 3:2 hexane-EtOAc. Yield: 59 mg (pyranose), 52 mg (furanose) (98% combined overall yield). LRMS (ESI⁺) m/z 0.284.1 (M-OAc)⁺, 366.0 (M+Na)⁺. ¹H-NMR assignments were analogous to the alkynyl fucose reported by Hsu et al. (Hsu, Hanson et al., 2007; supra). ¹H-NMR summary of pyranose forms (CDCl₃) δ: 5.89 (d, J=4.0 Hz, 1H, β-pyr), 6.42 (d, J=2.8 Hz, 1H, α-pyr). ¹H-NMR summary of furanose forms (CDCl₃) δ: 6.27 (s, 1H, α-fur), 6.38 (d, J=4.8 Hz, 1H, α-fur).

Example 16 Synthesis of Chloro-, Bromo- and Iodo-Fucose Tetraacetates

6-Chloro-fucose diacetonide (21). Referring to Scheme 7, the alcohol (Compound 2) (100 mg, 0.384 mmol), CCl₄ (1 mL, 10 mmol), and PPh₃ (300 mg, 1.15 mmol, 3 eq.) were dissolved in CHCl₂ (2 mL). The contents were stirred for 24 h following by concentration. The residue was purified by FCC (9:1 hexanes-EtOAc) to afford the product as a pale yellow gel. Yield: 107 mg (55%). LRMS (ESI⁺) m/z 279 (M+H)⁺. ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ: 1.34 (s, 3H), 1.36 (s, 3H), 1.45 (s, 3H), 1.54 (s, 3H), 3.58 (dd, J=6.8 Hz, 10.8 Hz, 1H), 3.68 (dd, J=6.8 Hz, 10.8 Hz, 1H), 4.65 (dd, J=2.4 Hz, 7.6 Hz, 1H), 5.54 (d, J=5.2 Hz).

6-Chloro-fucose tetraacetate (22). Compound 22 was prepared from Compound 21 following the general procedure for acetonide hydrolysis and peracetylation of Example 10. Yield: 29 mg (38% overall). LRMS (ESI⁺) m/z 307.1 (M-OAc)⁺, 389.0 (M+Na)⁺.

6-Bromo-fucose diacetonide (23). Referring to Scheme 7, the alcohol (Compound 2) (150 mg, 0.58 mmol) was dissolved in DMF (2 mL) followed by addition of PPh₃ (0.61 g, 2.3 mmol, 4 eq.). N-bromosuccinimide (0.41 g, 2.3 mmol, 4 eq.) in DMF (1 mL) was added over 5 min via syringe. The mixture was heated to 110° C. for 2 h. The reaction was cooled and quenched with MeOH and stirred for 10 min. Ether and sat. NaHCO₃ were added and the layers separated. The aqueous layer was further washed with ether and the combined organic extracts were washed with water and dried (Na₂SO₄). The solvent was evaporated and the residue purified by FCC (9:1 hexanes-EtOAc) to afford the product as a sticky solid. Yield: 123 mg (66%). LRMS (ESI⁺) m/z 323 (M+H)⁺. ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ: 1.34 (s, 3H), 1.36 (s, 3H), 1.45 (s, 3H), 1.55 (s, 3H), 3.43 (dd, J=6.8 Hz, 10 Hz, 1H), 3.52 (dd, J=6.8 Hz, 10.4 Hz, 1H), 3.98 (dt, J=2.0 Hz, 6.8 Hz, 1H), 4.33 (dd, J=2.4 Hz, 5.2 Hz, 1H), 4.38 (dd, J=2.0 Hz, 8.0 Hz, 1H), 4.64 (dd, J=2.4 Hz, 8.0 Hz, 1H), 5.55 (d, J=5.2 Hz).

6-Bromo-fucose tetraacetate (24). Compound 24 was prepared from Compound 23 following the general procedure for acetonide hydrolysis and peracetylation of Example 10. Yield: 129 mg (86% overall). LRMS (ESI⁺) m/z 351.0 (M-OAc)⁺, 432.9 (M+Na)⁺.

6-Iodo-fucose diacetonide (25). Referring to Scheme 7, the protected sugar (Compound 2) (0.44 g, 1.7 mmol), PPh₃ (0.99 g, 3.7 mmol, 2.2 eq.), iodine (0.87 g, 3.4 mmol, 2.0 eq.), and imidazole (0.51 g, 7.4 mmol, 4.4 eq.) were dissolved in toluene/EtOAc (4 mL/2 mL). The mixture was heated to 90° C. for 6 h while stirring. The mixture was cooled in an ice bath, diluted with CHCl₃ and extracted with sat. NaHCO₃. The organic layer was dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered and concentrated to an oil. The residue was purified by FCC eluting with hexanes-EtOAc (95:5 to 90:10 gradient). The product was isolated as a clear oil. Yield: 0.27 g (43%). LRMS (ESI⁺) m/z 371.1 (M+H)⁺. ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ: 1.32 (s, 3H), 1.34 (s, 3H), 1.44 (s, 3H), 1.53 (s, 3H), 3.20 (dd, J=7.2 Hz, 9.6 Hz, 1H), 3.31 (dd, J=7.2 Hz, 9.6 Hz, 1H), 3.94 (dt, J=1.6 Hz, 7.2 Hz, 1H), 4.29 (dd, J=2.4 Hz, 5.0 Hz, 1H), 4.40 (dd, J=2.0 Hz, 8.0 Hz, 1H), 4.60 (dd, J=2.4 Hz, 7.8 Hz, 1H), 5.53 (d, J=4.8 Hz).

6-Iodo-fucose tetraacetate (26). Compound 26 was prepared from Compound 25 following the general procedure for acetonide hydrolysis and peracetylation of Example 10. Yield: 30.5 mg (75% overall). LRMS (ESI⁺) m/z 399.0 (M-OAc)⁺.

Example 17 Synthesis of 6-cyano-fucose tetraacetate

6-Cyano-fucose diacetonide (27). Compound 27 was prepared following a procedure by Streicher and Wunsch (Carbohydr. Res. 338(22): 2375-85 (2003)). Referring to Scheme 7, iodo-galactose (120 mg, 0.32 nmol) and NaCN (51 mg, 1 M) were heated to 110° C. in DMF for 12 h. The mixture was cooled, partitioned with CH₂Cl₂-water and the layers separated. The aqueous layer was further washed with CH₂Cl₂ (2×) and the combined organics washed with brine, dried (Na₂SO₄), filtered and concentrated to a brown oil. FCC purification (9:1 to 4:1 hexanes-EtOAc gradient) led to the pure product. Yield: 10 mg (12%). ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ: 1.33 (s, 3H), 1.35 (s, 3H), 1.45 (s, 3H), 1.54 (s, 3H), 2.65 (dd, J=6.8 Hz, 16 Hz, 1H), 2.70 (dd, J=6.8 Hz, 16 Hz, 1H), 4.05 (dt, J=2.0 Hz, 7.2 Hz, 1H), 4.24 (dd, J=2.0 Hz, 8.0 Hz, 1H), 4.34 (dd, J=2.8 Hz, 4.8 Hz, 1H), 4.65 (dd, J=2.8 Hz, 8.0 Hz, 1H), 5.50 (d, J=5.2 Hz).

6-Cyano-arabinose tetraacetate (28). Compound 28 was prepared from Compound 27 following the general procedure for acetonide hydrolysis and peracetylation of Example 10. Yield: 13 mg (98% overall). LRMS (ESI⁺) m/z 298.0 (M-OAc)⁺, 380.1 (M+Na)⁺.

Example 18 Synthesis of Carboxyfucose Tetraacetate

Carboxyarabinose diacetonide (29). Following a procedure for the epimer (Bentama, El Hadrami et al., Amino Acids 24(4):423-6 (2003)), the alcohol (Compound 2) (3.44 g, 13.22 mmol) was diluted in 0.5 M NaOH (80 mL, 40 mmol, 3 eq.). After 15 min, KMnO₄ (5.22 g, 33.04, 2.5 eq.), dissolved in 106 mL of water, was added. The reaction stirred for 18 h and the solid filtered off. The filtrate was extracted with EtOAc (3×) and organic layers discarded. The aqueous layer was acidified with 1M HCl to pH 2 and extracted with EtOAc (3×). The combined organic layers were dried (MgSO₄), filtered, and concentrated to give a white solid that needed no further purification. Yield: 3.1 g (86%). LRMS (ESI⁻) m/z 273.2 (M−H)⁻. ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ: 1.36 (s, 6H), 1.46 (s, 3H), 1.54 (s, 3H), 4.40 (dd, J=2.4 Hz, 4.8 Hz, 1H), 4.70 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H), 4.64 (dd, J=2.4 Hz, 8.0 Hz, 1H), 5.50 (d, J=4.8 Hz).

Carboxyarabinose tetraacetate (30). Compound 30 was prepared from Compound 29 following the general procedure for acetonide hydrolysis and peracetylation of Example 10.

Example 19 Synthesis of Carboxymethylarabinose Tetraacetate

Carboxymethylarabinose diacetonide (31). The acid (Compound 29) (100 mg, 0.365 mmol) was dissolved in MeOH (3.65 mL, 0.1 M) and cooled to 0° C. After 15 min, 1 M TMSCHN₂ in ether (1.82 mL, 5 eq.) was added dropwise via syringe over 15 min. No starting material was detected after 30 min. The reaction was quenched with 5% HOAc/MeOH and the contents evaporated to dryness. Yield: Quant. LRMS (ESI⁺) m/z 289.1 (M+H)⁺. ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ: 1.34 (s, 6H), 1.46 (s, 3H), 1.53 (s, 3H), 3.83 (s, 3H), 4.39 (dd, J=2.4 Hz, 5.2 Hz, 1H), 4.59 (dd, J=2.4 Hz, 7.6 Hz, 1H), 4.67 (dd, J=2.4 Hz, 7.6 Hz, 1H), 5.67 (d, J=5.2 Hz).

Carboxymethyl-arabinose tetraacetate (32). Compound 32 was prepared from Compound 31 following the general procedure for acetonide hydrolysis and peracetylation of Example 10. Yield: 105 mg (77% overall). LRMS (ESI⁺) m/z 0.317.0 (M-OAc)⁺, 398.9 (M+Na)⁺.

Example 20 Synthesis of 5-methyl-oxiran-arabinose tetraacetate ((3S,4R,5S,6R)-6-((S)-2-methyloxiran-2-yl)-tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2,3,4,5-tetrayl tetraacetate) (36)

1-((3aS,5R,5aS,8aR,8bS)-2,2,7,7-tetramethyltetrahydro-3aH-bis[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-b:4′,5′-d]pyran-5-yl)ethanone (33): Referring to Scheme 8, to a mixture of the alcohol (Compound 2) (236 mg, 0.86 mmol) in DCM (10 mL) was added Dess-Martin periodinane (DMP; 438 mg, 1.03 mmol)). After several hours an additional portion DMP (100 mg, 0.23 mmol) was added, and the mixture was stirred for an additional 1 h. The mixture was directly aspirated onto a 1 mm radial chromatotron plate and eluted with 25% ethyl acetate in hexanes. The first major material off the plate was desired product (Rf=0.6; 25% ethyl acetate in hexanes). Yield: 190 mg (81%): LRMS (ESI⁺) m/z 272; ¹H-NMR (CDCl³) δ: 5.64 (d, J=5.1 Hz, 1H), 4.63 (dd, J=7.8, 2.6 Hz, 1H), 4.55 (dd, J=7.8, 2.3 Hz), 4.35 (dd, J=5.1, 2.5 Hz), 4.17 (d, J=2.0 Hz, 1H), 2.26 (s, 3H), 1.5 (2, 3H), 1.44 (s, 3H), 1.34 (s, 3H), 1.31 (s, 3H).

(3aS,5S,5aR,8aR,8bS)-2,2,7,7-tetramethyl-5-(prop-1-en-2-yl)tetrahydro-3aH-bis[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-b:4′,5′-d]pyran (34): Referring again to Scheme 8, Compound 34 was prepared from Compound 33 (50 mg, 0.18 mmol) in a fashion similar to that used in preparation of Compound 11, to give 19 mg (39%): ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ: 5.61 (d, J=5.1 Hz, 1H), 5.10 (d, J=2.1 Hz, 1H), 4.99 (dd, J=3.1, 1.6 Hz, 1H), 4.34 (m, 2H), 4.19 (s, 1H), 1.82 (s, 3H), 1.52 (s, 3H), 1.45 (s, 3H), 1.34 (s, 6H).

(3S,4R,5R,6S)-6-(prop-1-en-2-yl)-tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2,3,4,5-tetrayl tetraacetate (35): Referring again to Scheme 8, Compound 35 was prepared from Compound 34 (11 mg, 0.04 mmol) following the general procedure for acetonide hydrolysis and peracetylation of Example 10. Yield 81% (11.7 mg, 0.033 mmol)

(3S,4R,5S,6R)-6-((S)-2-methyloxiran-2-yl)-tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2,3,4,5-tetrayl tetraacetate (36): Referring to Scheme 8, to a mixture of the peracetate (Compound 35) (6 mg, 0.017 mmol) in DCM (1 mL) was added m-CPBA (12 mg, 0.052 mmol) and the mixture was stirred at an ambient temperature for 16 hours. The reaction mixture was aspirated onto 1 mm radial chromatotron plate and eluted with 25% ethyl acetate in hexanes to give 4.6 mg (72%) of the epoxide. LRMS (ESI⁺) m/z 397 (M+Na)⁺.

Example 21 Synthesis of propargyl fucose tetraacetate ((3S,4R,5R,6S)-6-(prop-2-ynyl)-tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2,3,4,5-tetrayl tetraacetate) (37)

At −40° C., trifluoromethanesulfonic anhydride (166 μL, 0.98 mmol, 1.5 eq.) was added over 2 min via syringe to a solution of the protected galactose (Compound 2) (170 mg, 0.65 mmol) and 2,6-lutidine (96 μL, 0.82 mmol, 1.25 eq.) in methylene chloride (3 mL). The starting material was consumed in 1 h, and the reaction was quenched with sat. NaHCO₃. The mixture was extracted with ether (3×) and the combined organic layers dried (MgSO₄), filtered, and concentrated. The crude product was purified by flash chromatography (eluting with 9:1 hexanes-EtOAc) to afford the product as a clear oil. The triflate was immediately used in the next step.

nBuLi (0.70 mL, 1.74 mmol, 2.6 M, 3.8 eq.) was added dropwise to a solution of trimethylsilylacetylene (0.23 mL, 1.61 mmol, 3.5 eq.) and HMPA (85 μL) in THF (1.5 mL) at −60° C. After 15 min of stirring, the triflate (180 mg, 0.46 mmol) was added and the contents stirred while warming to room temperature. After stirring overnight, the reaction was quenched with saturated NH₄Cl and the mixture extracted with ether (2×). The combined organic layers were dried and concentrated. By LC/MS partial TMS cleavage occurred. Purification was performed using flash chromatography (eluting with 95:5 to 9:1 hexanes-EtOAc) and both products were collected and concentrated to a clear oil. Overall yield: 61 mg (TMS protected), 68 mg (deprotected), 58% yield. TMS protected data: LRMS (ESI+) m/z 341.1 (M+H)⁺, 363.1 (M+Na)⁺. ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ: 0.15 (s, 9H), 1.34 (s, 3H), 1.36 (s, 3H), 1.45 (s, 3H), 1.56 (s, 3H), 2.52 (dd, J=6.4 Hz, 16.8 Hz, 1H), 2.63 (dd, J=8.4 Hz, 16.4 Hz, 1H), 3.91 (dt, J=1.6 Hz, 6.0 Hz, 1H), 4.30 (dd, J=2.4 Hz, 4.8 Hz, 1H), 4.32 (dd, J=2.0 Hz, 8.0 Hz, 1H), 4.62 (dd, J=2.4 Hz, 8.0 Hz, 1H), 5.50 (d, J=5.2 Hz, 1H).

The combined alkynes were deprotected using TFA (1 mL) and water (100 μL) for 2 h. The mixture was concentrated under high vacuum and peracetylated with acetic anhydride (1 mL), pyridine (1 mL), and DMAP (3 mg), for 3 days. The mixture was concentrated and purified by flash chromatography (eluting with 4:1 to 3:2 hexanes-EtOAc). The desired fractions were pooled and concentrated to give the product as a clear sticky solid. Overall yield: 32 mg (51%). LRMS (ESI+) m/z 297.1 (M-OAc)⁺, 379.0 (M+Na)+.

Example 22 Synthesis of alkynyl fucose tetrapropanoate ((3S,4R,5R)-5-((S)-1-(propionyloxy)prop-2-ynyl)-tetrahydrofuran-2,3,4-triyl tripropionate mixture) (38)

To a mixture of Compound 6 (25 mg, 0.143 mmol) in pyridine was added acid chloride (1 mL, propionyl chloride). The reaction mixture solidified and DCM (2 mL), and DMAP (5 mg) was added and the mixture was stirred overnight at an ambient temperature. The reaction mixture was treated with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate with stirring for ˜10 min. The reaction mixture was poured into water and extracted with ethyl acetate (3×25 mL). The combined extracts were washed with 1N HCl (20 mL), saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate (20 mL) and brine before being dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated. The resulting residue was purified via radial chromatography on a 1 mm plate eluting with 25% ethyl acetate in hexanes to give a heterogeneous mixture of α and β-pyranose and furanose isomers. Yield: 26.8 mg (47%). LRMS (ESI⁺) m/z 421 (M+Na⁺), 325 (M-propionate)⁺.

Example 23 Synthesis of alkynyl fucose tetra-n-hexanoates (3S,4R,5R)-5-((S)-1-(hexanoyloxy)prop-2-ynyl)-tetrahydrofuran-2,3,4-triyl trihexanoate and (2S,3S,4R,5R,6S)-6-ethynyl-tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2,3,4,5-tetrayl tetrahexanoate mixture (39 and 40, respectively); and (2R,3S,4R,5R,6S)-6-ethynyl-tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2,3,4,5-tetrayl tetrahexanoate (41):

Referring to Scheme 9, to a mixture of Compound 6 (25 mg, 0.143 mmol) in pyridine (1 mL) was added DMAP (˜5 mg) and hexanoic anhydride (1 mL). The mixture was stirred overnight at an ambient temperature. The reaction mixture was treated with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate with stirring for ˜10 min., and the reaction mixture was poured into water and extracted with ethyl acetate (3×25 mL). The combined extracts were washed with 1N HCl (20 mL), saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate (20 mL) and brine before being dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated. The resulting residue was purified via radial chromatography on a 1 mm plate eluting with 25% ethyl acetate hexanes to give to products shown in Scheme 9. (3S,4R,5R)-5-((S)-1-(hexanoyloxy)prop-2-ynyl)-tetrahydrofuran-2,3,4-triyl trihexanoate and (2S,3S,4R,5R,6S)-6-ethynyl-tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2,3,4,5-tetrayl tetrahexanoate mixture: LRMS (ESI⁺) m/z 589 (M+Na⁺). (2R,3S,4R,5R,6S)-6-ethynyl-tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2,3,4,5-tetrayl tetrahexanoate: ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ 5.70 (d, J=8.4 Hz, 1H), 5.52 (dd, J=3.5, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 5.35 (t, J=8.2 Hz, 1H), 5.1 (dd, J=8.2, 3.4 Hz, 1H), 4.60 (dd, J=2.4, 0.6 Hz, 1H), 2.50-1.90 (m, 11H), 1.70-1.50 (m, 9H), 1.19-1.10 (m, 20H), 0.95-0.83 (m, 15H); LRMS (ESI₊) m/z 589 (M+Na₊).

Example 24 Synthesis of alkynyl fucose tetrakis(trimethylacetate) ((2S,3S,4R,5R)-5-((S)-1-(pentanoyloxy)prop-2-ynyl)-tetrahydrofuran-2,3,4-triyl tripentanoate (42) and (2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-((S)-1-(pentanoyloxy)prop-2-ynyl)-tetrahydrofuran-2,3,4-triyl tripentanoate (43)); alkynyl fucose tris(trimethylacetate) (3S,4R,5R,6S)-6-ethynyl-5-hydroxy-tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2,3,4-triyl tripentanoate mixture (44); and alkynyl fucose bis(trimethylacetate (2R,3S,4R,5R,6S)-6-ethynyl-3,5-dihydroxy-tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2,4-diyl dipentanoate (45))

To a mixture of Compound 6 (see Example 10: 25 mg, 0.143 mmol) in pyridine (1 mL) was added DMAP (˜5 mg) and trimethyl acetic anhydride (1 mL). The mixture was stirred overnight at an ambient temperature. The reaction mixture was treated with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate with stirring for 10 min., and the reaction mixture was poured into water and extracted with ethyl acetate (3×25 mL). The combined extracts were washed with 1N HCl (20 mL), saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate (20 mL) and brine before being dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated. The resulting residue was purified via radial chromatography on a 1 mm plate eluting with 25% ethyl acetate hexanes to give to products shown in Scheme 10.

(2S,3S,4R,5R)-5-((S)-1-(pentanoyloxy)prop-2-ynyl)-tetrahydrofuran-2,3,4-triyl tripentanoate: ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ 6.31 (d, J=6.5 Hz, 1H), 5.68 (dd, J=7.0, 5.8 Hz, 1H), 5.54 (dd, J=9.2, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 5.38 (dd, J=7.0, 4.7 Hz, 1H), 4.29 (dd, J=9.2, 5.6 Hz, 1H), 2.4 (d, J=2.3 Hz, 1H), 1.24 (s, 9H), 1.21 (s, 9H), 1.20 (s, 9H), 1.19 (s, 9H); LRMS (ESI₊) m/z 533 (M+Na₊), 409.

(2R,3S,4R,5R)-5-((S)-1-(pentanoyloxy)prop-2-ynyl)-tetrahydrofuran-2,3,4-triyl tripentanoate: ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ 6.12 (d, J=0.4 Hz, 1H), 5.59 (dd, J=6.8, 2.2 Hz, 1H), 5.35 (dt, J=4.1, 1.5 Hz, 1H), 5.03 (dd, J=1.0, 0.4 Hz, 1H), 2.46 (d, J=2.3 Hz, 1H), 1.24 (s, 9H), 1.24 (s, 9H), 1.23 (s, 9H), 1.22 (s, 3H); LRMS (ESI⁺) m/z 533 (M+Na⁺), 409.

(3S,4R,S5R,6S)-6-ethynyl-5-hydroxy-tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2,3,4-triyl tripentanoate mixture: LRMS (ESI⁺) m/z 449 (M+Na⁺).

(2R,3S,4R,5R,6S)-6-ethynyl-3,5-dihydroxy-tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2,4-diyl dipentanoate: ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ 5.54 (d, J=8.2 Hz, 1H), 4.84 (dd, J=10.0, 3.2 Hz, 1H), 4.52 (dd, J=2.1, 1.1 Hz, 1H), 4.15 (dd, J=3.2, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 4.08 (dd, J=10.0, 8.1 Hz, 1H), 2.58 (d, J=2.2 Hz, 1H), 1.26 (s, 9H), 1.25 (s, 9H); LRMS (ESI⁺) m/z 365 (M+Na⁺).

Example 25 Synthesis of (3S,4R,5R,6S)-6-ethynyl-tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2,3,4,5-tetrayl tetrakis(2-methylpropanoate) (46)

(Followed procedure 2) To a mixture of the tetra-ol (5 mg, 0.028 mmol) in pyridine (0.2 mL) was added DMAP (˜1 mg) and the anhydride (0.2 mL or 200 mg). The mixture was stirred overnight at an ambient temperature and was treated with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonated with stirring for 10 min. The mixture was poured into water and extracted with ethyl acetate (3×25 mL). The combined extracts were washed with 1N HCl (20 mL), saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate (20 mL) and brine before being dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated. The resulting residue was purified via radial chromatography on a 1 mm plate eluting with 25% ethyl acetate hexanes to give the product in the α-pyranose form: ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ 6.42 (d, J=3 Hz, 1H), 5.6 (s, 1H), 5.4 (m, 1H), 2.8-2.57 (m, 2H), 2.50-2.38 (m, 3H), 1.30-1.07 (m, 13H), 1.06-1.02 (m, 11H). LRMS (ESI⁺) m/z 477.1 (M+Na⁺).

Example 26

Procedure 3: To a solution of the tetra-ol (5 mg, 0.028 mmol) in DMF (100 uL) was added nicotinic acid (70 mg, 0.57 mmol), DMAP (0.5 mg) and EDCI-HCl (55 mg, 0.28 mmol). The reaction mixture was stirred at an ambient temperate for 16 h. The mixture was treated with saturated aqueous sodium bicarbonate (5 mL) with stirring for 5 min. The resulting mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (3×3 mL). The combined extracts were washed with water and brine, dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The mixture was purified via radial chromotography on a 1 mm plate eluting with 5% methanol in methylene chloride. A single major band was collected and concentrated to give the perester.

The following were prepared utilizing the procedure above:

(3S,4R,5R,6S)-6-ethynyl-tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2,3,4,5-tetrayl tetranicotinate (47): Yield 12.1 mg (72%), LRMS (ESI⁺) m/z 594.85 (M+H).

(3S,4R,5R,6S)-6-ethynyl-tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2,3,4,5-tetrayl tetrakis(3-(2-methoxyethoxy)propanoate) (48): Yield 18.5 mg (95%), LRMS (ESI⁺) m/z 717 (M+Na)⁺.

(3S,4R,5R,6R)-6-ethynyl-tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2,3,4,5-tetrayl tetraisonicotinate (49):

Yield 13.0 mg (78%), LRMS (ESI⁺) m/z 594 (M+H)⁺.

Example 27 Preparation of (3S,4R,5R,6S)-6-(benzyloxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2,3,4,5-tetrayl tetraacetate

(3aS,5S,5aR,8aR,8bS)-5-(benzyloxymethyl)-2,2,7,7-tetramethyltetrahydro-3aH-bis[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-b:4′,5′-d]pyran (50): To a mixture of the alcohol (100 mg, 0.38 mmol) and benzyl bromide (83 μL, 0.72 mmol) in THF (2 mL) was added NaH (50 mg of a 60% dispersion in mineral oil) and the reaction mixture was stirred overnight at an ambient temperature. To the mixture was added sat. aq. NH₄Cl (10 mL) and the mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (3×25 mL). The combined extracts were washed with water and brine and were dried over MgSO₄. Filteration and concentration gave a residue that was purified via radial chromatography on a 1 mm plate, eluting with 10% ethyl acetate in hexanes to give 63 mg (47%): ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ 7.37-7.22 (m, 5H), 5.55 (d, J=4.9 Hz, 1H), 4.64-4.53 (m, 3H), 4.32 (dd, J=5.1, 2.3 Hz, 1H), 4.27 (dd, J=7.8, 2.4 Hz, 1H), 4.01 (dt, J=6.4, 1.9 Hz, 1H), 3.72-3.61 (m, 2H), 1.54 (s, 3H), 1.44 (s, 3H), 1.33 (s, 6H).

(3S,4R,5R,6S)-6-(benzyloxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2,3,4,5-tetrayl tetraacetate (51): To a round-bottom flask charged with the benzyl ether (63 mg, 0.18 mmol) and cooled to 0° C. was added ice-cold TFA/H2O (9:1, 5 mL). The mixture was stirred for 1 h and was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was then treated with pyridine (3 mL), DMAP (5 mg) and acetic anhydride (3 mL). The mixture was stirred 16 h at an ambient temperature and was concentrated under reduced pressure. The residue was purified via radial chromatography on a 2 mm plate eluting with 25% ethyl acetate in hexanes to give the a mixture of pyranose and furanose benzy ether peracetates, 97 mg (0.22 mmol, 122%): LRMS (ESI⁺) m/z 378.9 (M-OAc)⁺.

Example 28 Preparation of (2R,3R,4S)-2-((S)-1-acetoxyprop-2-ynyl)-5-methoxy-tetrahydrofuran-3,4-diyl diacetate (52)

(2R,3R,4S)-2-((S)-1-acetoxyprop-2-ynyl)-5-methoxy-tetrahydrofuran-3,4-diyl diacetate (52): A round-bottom flask was charged with CH₃OH (2 mL) and propionyl chloride (20 μL) was added. After 5 min, the tetra-ol (˜5 mg, 0.028 mmol) was added and the mixture was stirred overnight at an ambient temperature. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure, the residue was treated with pyridine (1 mL), DMAP (0.5 mg) and acetic anhydride (1 mL), stirred for ˜2 h and concentrated under reduced pressure. The resulting residue was purified by radial chromatography to give a mixture of the two furanose triacetates as an inseparable mixture, 6.1 mg (69%): LRMS (ESI+) m/z 336.95 (M+Na)⁺.

Example 29 (3S,4R,5S,6R)-6-(difluoromethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2,3,4,5-tetrayl tetraacetate

(3aS,5R,5aS,8aR,8bS)-5-(difluoromethyl)-2,2,7,7-tetramethyltetrahydro-3aH-bis[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-b:4′,5′-d]pyran (53): A mixture of the aldehyde (70 mg, 0.23 mmol) and absolute ethanol (3.1 μL, 54 μmol, 0.2 eq.) in methylene chloride (115 μL, 2 M) was treated with bis(2-methoxyethyl)aminosulfur trifluoride (Deoxo-fluor, 85 μL, 0.46 mmol, 1.7 eq.) in a sealed Eppendorf tube. The contents stood at 37° C. for 72 h. The reaction was cooled and then purified by flash chromatography (eluting with 9:1 to 4:1 hexanes-EtOAc). The difluoro-diacetonide intermediate was isolated as a clear oil. Yield: 35 mg, 46% yield. ¹H-NMR (CDCl₃) δ: 1.34 (s, 3H), 1.35 (s, 3H), 1.46 (s, 3H), 1.54 (s, 3H), 3.85-3.92 (m, 1H), 4.33-4.38 (m, 2H), 4.62-4.67 (m, 1H), 5.56 (dd, J=2 Hz, 4.8 Hz, 1H), 5.84 (dt, J=6.8 Hz, 54 Hz, 1H).

(3S,4R,5S,6R)-6-(difluoromethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2,3,4,5-tetrayl tetraacetate (54): The aforementioned compound (30 mg, 0.11 mmol) was treated with trifluoroacetic acid (1 mL) and water (100 uL) for 2 h. The mixture was concentrated under high vacuum and peracetylated with acetic anhydride (1 mL), pyridine (1 mL), and DMAP (5 mg), for 1 d. The mixture was concentrated and purified by flash chromatography (eluting with 4:1 to 1:1 hexanes-EtOAc). The desired fractions were pooled and concentrated to give the product as a clear sticky solid. Overall yield: 24 mg (62%). LRMS (ESI⁺) m/z 309 (M-OAc)⁺, 391 (M+Na)⁺.

Example 30 Preparation of 2-Fluoro-2-Deoxyfucose Peracetate (58)

Compounds 56, 57 and 58 were prepared according to the following references:

1. Oberthur, M.; Leinikuhler, C.; Kuguer, R. G.; Lu, W.; Walsh, C. T.; Kahne, D. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2005, 127, 10747-10752

2. a) Murray, B. W.; Wittmann, V.; Burkhart, M. D.; Hung, S-C.; Wong, C-H. Biochemistry, 1997, 36, 823-831. b) Korytnky, W.; Valentekovic-Horvath, S.; Petrie, C. R. Tetrahedron, 1982, 38(16), 2547-2550. Example 31 Preparation of (3S,4R,5R,6S)-6-(propa-1,2-dienyl)-tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2,3,4,5-tetrayl tetraacetate (60)

Allenyl diacetonide (59): To a suspension of alkyne (compound 5, 25 mg, 0.1 mmol), paraformaldehyde (7 mg, 0.215 mmol), CuBr (5 mg, 0.035 nmol) and dioxane (0.5 mL) in a pressure tube was added DIPEA (28 μL, 0.223 mmol). The pressure tube was sealed and the brown mixture was heated at reflux for 16 h then cooled to rt and filtered. The solid was washed with Et₂O, and the combined filtrates were concentrated under reduced pressure. Purification by flash chromatography (25% ethyl acetate in hexanes) afforded the desired allene compound 59, 2.3 mg (9%): ¹H NMR (CDCl₃; 400 mHz) δ: 5.56 (d, J=4.0 Hz, 1H), 5.36 (q, J=8.0 Hz, 1H), 4.84 (m, 2H), 4.62 (dd, J=7.8 Hz, 3.4 Hz, 1H), 4.37 (dd, J=8.2 Hz, 1.7 Hz, 1H), 4.32 (d, 1H, J=2.3 Hz, 1H), 1.54 (s, 3H), 1.49 (s, 3H), 1.36 (s, 3H), 1.34 (s, 3H).

To the acetonide (compound 59, 2.3 mg, 8.5 mmol) in a round-bottom flask and cooled in an ice-bath was added ice-cold 10% H₂O/TFA (4 mL) and the mixture was stirred for 1 h. After concentration under reduced pressure, the resulting residue was treated with pyridine (2 mL), DMAP (0.5 mg) and acetic anhydride (2 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred overnight and the mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure and purified by radial chromatography on a 1 mm plate eluting with 25% ethyl acetate in hexanes. A single band was collected and concentrated to give 4.1 mg compound 60 as a mixture of anomeric acetates: LRMS (ESI⁺) m/z 378.98 (M+Na⁺)

Example 32 Preparation of 2-Fluoro-2-Deoxyfucose Peracetate

Preparation of 61: To a solution of compound 56 (500 mg, 2.3 mmol) in DMF/H₂O (30 mL of a 1:1 mixture) was added Selectfluor® (1.24 g, 3.5 mmol) and the mixture was stirred at an ambient temperature for 12 h. The mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate (100 mL) and washed with water (3×100 mL). The organic layer was dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure: LRMS (ESI⁺) m/z 273.04 (M+Na⁺). See published procedure: Burkart, M. D.; Zhang, Z.; Hung, S-C.; Wong, C-H. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 11743-11746.

(3S,4R,5R,6S)-3-fluoro-6-methyl-tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2,4,5-triyl triacetate (58): To a mixture of compound 61 in pyridine (10 mL) was added acetic anhydride (10 mL) followed by DMAP (10 mg) and the mixture was stirred for 2 h at an ambient temperature. The mixture was concentrated under reduced pressure, dissolved in DCM (5 mL) and aspirated onto a 2 mm radial chromatotron plate; eluting with 25% ethyl acetate in hexanes. A single band was collected and concentrated to give 420 mg of compound 58 (1.44 mmol, 63%) as an inseparable mixture of anomers (α/β=36.64): ¹H NMR (CDCl₃; 400 mHz) δ (α-anomer): 6.43 (d, J=4.11 Hz, 1H), 5.41 (dt, J=10.8, 3.72 Hz, 1H), 5.37 (m, 1H), 4.88 (ddd, J=49.5, 10.2, 3.9 Hz, 1H), 4.25 (q, 1H, J=6.7 Hz, 1H), 2.9 (s, 3H), 2.07 (s, 3H), 1.15 (d, J=6.5 Hz, 3H); α-anomer: 5.77 (dd, J=8.02, 4.2 Hz, 1H), 5.3 (m, 1H), 5.17 (dq, J=9.8, 3.5 Hz, 1H), 4.64 (ddd, J=51.8, 9.8, 8.0 Hz, 1H), 3.98 (dq, J=6.4 Hz, 1.0 Hz, 1H), 2.18 (s, 3H), 2.07 (s, 3H), 1.22 (d, J=6.2 Hz, 3H); LRMS (ESI⁺) m/z 315.02 (M+Na⁺).

Example 33 Preparation of L-2-deoxy-2-chlorofucopyranose-1,3,4-triacetate, 62

L-2-deoxy-2-chlorofucopyranose-1,3,4-triacetate: To a mixture of the compound 56 (100 mg, 0.47 mmol) in DMF/H₂O (2 mL of a 1:1 mixture) was added N-chlorosuccinimide (91 mg, 0.7 mmol) and the mixture was stirred for 16 h at an ambient temperature. The reaction mixture was poured into ethyl acetate (100 mL) and washed with water and brine, dried over MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure. The mixture was taken up in pyridine (2 mL). DMAP (2 mg) was added and acetic anhydride (2 mL) was added. The mixture was stirred for 16 h at an ambient temperature before being concentrated and purified via radial chromatography on a 1 mm plate eluting with 25% ethyl acetate in hexanes to give 98 mg (0.79 mmol, 79%) of the 2-deoxy-2-chlorofucose triacetate 62 as a mixture of anomers (α/β=0.73/1.0) as determined by ¹H NMR: LRMS (ESI⁺) m/z 330.98 (M+Na⁺).

Example 34 Preparation of (2S,4R,5R,6S)-3,3-difluoro-6-methyl-tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2,4,5-triyl triacetate (65) and (2R,4R,5R,6S)-3,3-difluoro-6-methyl-tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2,4,5-triyl triacetate (66)

1-α-bromofucopyranose-3,4-diacetate (63): To the 2-fluorofucose triacetate (compound 58, 300 mg, 1.027 mmol) in CH₂Cl₂ (1 mL) was added 33% HBr in HOAc (0.25 mL). The mixture was stirred for 2 h and was poured into ice-water (100 mL) and extracted (3×50 mL) with DCM. The combined extracts were washed with water and dried with MgSO₄. Filtration and concentration gave 0.313 g (1.0 mmol, 98%) of the L-α-1-bromofucopyranoside-3,4-diacetate (63). The material was carried forward without purification: ¹H NMR (CDCl₃; 400 mHz) δ 6.60 (d, J=4.3 Hz, 1H), 5.48 (dt, J=10.0, 3.5 Hz, 1H), 5.39 (m, 1H), 4.74 (ddd, J=50.5, 10.2, 4.3 Hz, 1H), 4.44 (dq, J=5.9, 1.3 Hz), 2.17 (s, 3H), 2.06 (s, 3H), 1.22 (d, J=6.4 Hz, 3H).

2-fluorofucal-3,4-diacetate, 64: To a mixture of the bromide (63, 312 mg, 1 mmol) in acetonitrile (10 mL) was added Et₃N (500 μL, 3 mmol) and the reaction mixture was heated to reflux. The reaction was monitored by TLC. After 2 h, the reaction mixture was poured into ethyl acetate (100 mL) and washed with 1N HCl, water and brine and dried over MgSO₄. Filtration and concentration gave a residue that was purified by radial chromatography on a 2 mm plate eluting with 25% ethyl acetate hexanes to give 73 mg (32%): ¹H NMR (CDCl₃; 400 mHz) δ: 6.74 (dd, J=4.9, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 5.97 (dd, J=3.9, 1.2 Hz, 1H), 5.3 (dt, J=5.3, 1.4 Hz, 1H), 4.15 (q, J=6.7 Hz, 1H), 2.18 (s, 3H), 2.07 (s, 3H), 1.56 (s, 3H), 1.22 (d, J=6.5 Hz, 3H).

2-deoxy-2,2-difluorofucopyranose-1,3,4-triacetate (65 and 66): To a mixture of the fluorofucal (64, 50 mg, 0.216 mmol) in DMF/H₂O (1 mL, 1:1 mixture) was added Selectfluor® and the reaction mixture was stirred overnight at an ambient temperature. The reaction mixture was poured into EtOAc (100 mL) and washed with water (3×50 mL) and brine, dried over NaSO₄, decanted and concentrated. The resulting residue was acetylated with a mixture of pyridine (1 mL), DMAP (2 mg) and acetic anhydride (1 mL). The mixture was stirred for several hours and concentrated under reduced pressure and purified on a 1 mm radial chromatotron plate eluting with 10% ethyl acetate in hexanes to give a mixture of anomeric 2-deoxy-2,2-difluorofucose-1,3,4-diacetates. α-anomer (65): ¹H NMR (CDCl₃; 400 mHz) δ 6.21 (d, J=7.2, 1H), 5.43 (m, 1H), 5.33 (m, 1H), 4.33 (dq, J=6.5, 0.9 Hz), 2.19 (s, 6H), 2.12 (s, 3H), 1.22 (d, J=6.6 Hz, 3H); LRMS (ESI⁺) m/z 332.90 (M+Na⁺): β-anomer (66): ¹H NMR (CDCl₃; 400 mHz) δ 5.78 (d, J=15.5 Hz, 1H), 5.3 (m, 1H), 5.24 (m, 1H), 4.06 (dq, J=6.5, 1.4 Hz), 2.23 (s, 3H), 2.19 (s, 3H), 2.12 (s, 3H), 1.29 (d, J=6.5 Hz, 1H); LRMS (ESI⁺) m/z 332.99 (M+Na⁺).

Example 35 Preparation of (2S,4S,5R,6S)-6-methyl-tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2,4,5-triyl triacetate

(2S,4S,5R,6S)-6-methyl-tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2,4,5-triyl triacetate: To a flame-dried flask maintained under a nitrogen atmosphere was added fucal-3,4-diacetate (110 mg, 0.51 mmol) dissolved in 2.6 mL of anhydrous acetonitrile. Ceric(IV) ammonium nitrate (727 mg, 1.33 mmol) and glacial acetic acid (290 μL, 5.1 mmol) were added and the reaction mixture was then cooled to −15° C. Sodium cyanide (33 mg, 0.66 mmol) was then added and the reaction was stirred at 15° C. under nitrogen for 8 h. The reaction was quenched with 0.1 M sodium thiosulfate (50 mL). The aqueous layer was extracted with dichloromethane (3×50 mL) and the combined organic layer was washed with brine, dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated. The residue was purified by flash chromatography on silica gel eluted with a hexane:ethyl acetate solvent mixture (90:10 to 75:25) to provide the title compound (8 mg, 5%). TLC (SiO₂, 3:1 hexanes/ethyl acetate): R_(f)=0.20. ¹H NMR (CDCl₃; 400 MHz) δ: 6.29 (m, 1H), 5.29 (ddd, J=12.4, 4.8, 2.8 Hz, 1H), 5.22 (m, 1H), 4.17 (q, J=6.8 Hz, 1H), 2.19 (m, 1H), 2.17 (s, 3H), 2.11 (s, 3H), 2.01 (s, 3H), 1.88 (ddt, J=13.6, 4.8, 1.2, 1H), 1.15 (d, J=6.8 Hz).

Example 35 Activity of Fucose Analogs

The effects of fucose analogs on antibody core fucosylation were tested at concentrations of 50 μM and 1 mM as follows: A CHO DG44 cell line producing a humanized IgG1 anti-CD70 monoclonal antibody, h1F6 (see International Patent Publication WO 06/113909) was cultured at 7.5×10⁵ cells per mL in 2 mLs of CHO culture media at 37°, 5% CO₂ and shaking at 100 RPM in a 6 well tissue culture plate. Media was supplemented with insulin like growth factor (IGF), penicillin, streptomycin and either 1 mM or 50 μM of the fucose analog (prepared as described supra). On day 5 post inoculation, the culture was centrifuged at 13000 RPM for 5 minutes to pellet cells; antibodies were then purified from supernatant.

Antibody purification was performed by applying the conditioned media to protein A resin pre-equilibrated with 1× phosphate buffered saline (PBS), pH 7.4. After washing resin with 20 resin bed volumes of 1×PBS, antibodies were eluted with 5 resin bed volumes of Immunopure IgG elution buffer (Pierce Biotechnology, Rockford, Ill.). A 10% volume of 1M tris pH 8.0 was added to neutralize the eluted fraction. The amount of non-core fucosylated antibody produced was determined as described in Example 7. The results are shown in the following tables.

TABLE 1 Name Inhibition Inhibition (Chemical name) R⁵ R¹⁻R⁴ at 50 μM at 1 mM Alkynyl fucose —C≡CH —OH >80% ND (5-ethynylarabinose) Alkynyl fucose peracetate —C≡CH —OAc >80% >80% Alkynyl fucose tetraacetate (5-ethynylarabinose tetraacetate) 5-propynyl fucose tetraacetate —C≡CCH₃ —OAc  50% >80% (5-propynylarabinose tetraacetate) propargyl fucose tetraacetate —CH₂C≡CH —OAc ~10% ~10-20% ((3S,4R,5R,6S)-6-(prop-2-ynyl)- tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2,3,4,5- tetrayl tetraacetate) Peracetyl galactose —OAc —OAc  ~0%  ~0% (galactose pentaacetate) 5-vinyl fucose tetraacetate —CHCH₂ —OAc  ~0%  ~4% (5-ethylenylarabinose tetraacetate) 6-cyano fucose tetraacetate —CH₂CN —OAc  30% >80% (6-cyanofucose tetraacetate) 5-cyano fucose tetraacetate —CN —OAc  20% ND (pyranose form) (5-cyanoarabinopyranose tetraacetate) 5-cyano fucose tetraacetate —CN —OAc 5-10% ND (furanose form) (5-cyanoarabinofuranose tetraacetate) 5-methylester fucose —C(O)OCH₃ —OAc  30% >80% tetraacetate (5-carboxymethyl arabinose tetraacetate) 5-(CH(OAc)CH₃) peracetyl —CH(OAc)CH₃ —OAc  ~0%  40% fucose (6-methylgalactose pentaacetate) 5-methyloxiran-arabinose tetraacetate ((3S,4R,5S,6R)-6-((S)-2- methyloxiran-2-yl)-tetrahydro- 2H-pyran-2,3,4,5-tetrayl tetraacetate)

—OAc  ~0% ~35-40% 6-iodo-fucose tetraacetate —CH₂I —OAc  3%  30% (6-iodofucose tetraacetate) 6-chloro-fucose tetraacetate —CH₂Cl —OAc  20% 20-30% (6-chlorofucose tetraacetate 6-bromo-fucose tetraacetate —CH₂Br —OAc  50%  80% (6-bromofucose tetraacetate) Alkynyl fucose tetrapropanonate —C≡CH —OC(O)CH₂—CH₃ >80% >80% (5-ethynylarabinose tetrapropropanoate) Alkynyl fucose tetra-n- —C≡CH —OC(O)(CH₂)₄—CH₃ >80% >80% hexanoate (5-ethynylarabinose tetrahexanoate) Alkynyl fucose —C≡CH —OC(O)C(CH₃)₃  20%  60% tetrakis(trimethylacetate) (5-ethynylarabinose tetra(trimethylacetate)) Alkynyl fucose —C≡CH —OC(O)C(CH₃)₃  5%  10% tetrakis(trimethylacetate) (5-ethynylarabinose tetra(trimethylacetate)) Alkynyl fucose 1,2,3- —C≡CH —OC(O)C(CH₃)₃  ~0% ND (trimethylacetate) and —OH (5-ethynylarabinose 1,2,3- (trimethylacetate)) Alkynyl fucose —C≡CH —OC(O)C(CH₃)₃ >80% ND di(trimethylacetate) and —OH (5-ethynylarabinose 1,3- (trimethylacetate)) Alkynyl fucose pernicotinate —C≡CH —C(O)-3-pyridyl >80% >80% Alkynyl fucose perisonicotinate —C≡CH —C(O)-4-pyridyl >80% >80% Alkynyl fucose per-PEG ester —C≡CH —C(O)—(CH₂CH₂O)₂—OCH₃ >80% >80% 1-methyl-2,3,4-triacetyl alkynyl —C≡CH R¹ = OCH₃  68% >80% fucose R², R³, R⁴ = OAc Alkynyl fucose perisobutanoate —C≡CH —OC(O)CH(CH₃)₂ >80% >80% “ND” means non-core fucosylated antibody was not detected due to poor antibody production or inhibition of cell growth in the presence of the fucose analog.

TABLE 2 Name Inhibition Inhibition (Chemical name) R⁵ R¹ R²/R^(2a) R³/R^(3a) at 50 μM at 1 mM 2-deoxy-2-fluorofucose —CH₃ —OH —F/—H —OAc/—H >80% >80% diacetate (R⁴ = OAc) 2-deoxy-2-chlorofucose —CH₃ —OAc —Cl/—H —OAc/—H 17% >80% triacetate (R⁴ = OAc) Allene —CH═C═CH₂ —OAc —OAc/—H —OAc/—H 23% 34% (R⁴ = OAc) 2-deoxy-2-fluorofucose —CH₃ —OH —F/—H —OH/—H >80% >80% (R⁴ = OH) 2-deoxy-2-fluorofucose —CH₃ —OAc —F/—H —OAc/—H >80% >80% peracetate (R⁴ = OAc) 1,2-difluoro-1,2-didexoy —CH₃ —F —F/—H —OAc/—H >80% >80% fucose peracetate (R⁴ = OAc) 6,6-difluorofucose —CHF₂ —OAc —OAc/—H —OAc/—H >80% >80% tetraacetate (R⁴ = OAc) 2-deoxy-2,2- —CH₃ —OAc —F/—F —OAc/—H 0 64% difluorofucopyranose triacetate (alpha) (R⁴ = OAc) 2-deoxy-2,2- —CH₃ —OAc —F/—F —OAc/—H 0 75% difluorofucopyranose triacetate (beta) (R⁴ = OAc) 6-methyl-tetrahydro-2H- —CH₃ —OAc —H/—H —OAc/—H 0 36% pyran-2,4,5-triyl triacetate (R⁴ = OAc) 5-Benzyloxy fucose —CH₂OCH₂Ph —OAc —OAc/—H —OAc/—H 0 75% peracetate (R⁴ = OAc) “ND” means non-core fucosylated antibody was not detected due to poor antibody production or inhibition of cell growth in the presence of the fucose analog.

Certain other fucose analogs were tested for their ability to be incorporated into antibodies. These fucose analogs were tested at concentrations of 50 μM and 1 mM using the methodology as described above and in Example 7. The results are shown in the following table.

TABLE 3 % Incorp- Name ora- (Chemical name) R₅ R¹—R⁴ tion Propargyl fucose or (3S,4R,5R)-6-(prop-2- ynyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran- 2,3,4,5-tetrayl tetraacetate

—OAc   80% (1 mM) 5-(Z)-propenyl fucose peracetate

—OAc ~30% Isopropenyl peracetyl fucose or (3S,4R,5R,6S)-6-(prop-1-en-2- yl)-tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2,3,4,5- tetrayl tetraacetate

—OAc >80% (1 mM and 50 uM) 5-ethyl fucose —CH₃CH₂ —OH >80% or (1 mM (3S,4R,5S,6S)-6-ethyl- and tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2,3,4,5- 50 uM) tetraol 5-ethyl fucose peracetate —CH₃CH₂ —OAc >90% or (1 mM (3S,4R,5S,6S)-6-ethyl- and tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2,3,4,5- 50 uM) tetrayl tetraacetate 5-cyclopropyl fucose or (3S,4R,5S,6S)-6- cyclopropyltetrahydro-2H-pyran- 2,3,4,5-tetraol

—OH ~80% 5-cyclopropyl fucose peracetate or (3S,4R,5R,6S)-6- cyclopropyltetrahydro-2H-pyran- 2,3,4,5-tetrayl tetraacetate

—OAc ~80% 5-propyloxyarabinose tetraacetate or (3S,4R,5S,6R)-6-((S)-2- methyloxiran-2-yl)tetrahydro- 2H-pyran-2,3,4,5-tetrayl tetraacetate

—OAc ~60% Fluoromethylene fucose —CH₂F —OAc >90% or (1 mM (3S,4R,5S)-6- and (fluoromethyl)tetrahydro-2H- 50 uM) pyran-2,3,4,5-tetrayl tetraacetate 5-chloromethylene peracetyl —CH₂Cl —OAc ~80% fucose or (3S,4R,5S)-6- (chloromethyl)tetrahydro-2H- pyran-2,3,4,5-tetrayl tetraacetate 5-bromomethylene percacetyl —CH₂Br —OAc ~50% fucose (50 uM; or 20% (3S,4R,5S)-6- at 1 (bromomethyl)tetrahydro-2H- mM) pyran-2,3,4,5-tetrayl tetraacetate 5-iomethylene-peracetyl fucose —CH₂I —OAc ~30% or (3S,4R,5S)-6- (iodomethyl)tetrahydro-2H- pyran-2,3,4,5-tetrayl tetraacetate Azido peracetyl fucose —CH₂N₃ —OAc   60% or (3S,4R,5R)-6- (azidomethyl)tetrahydro-2H- pyran-2,3,4,5-tetrayl tetraacetate 5-(2-azidoethyl) arabinose —CH₂CH₂N₃ —OAc   20% tetraacetate or (3S,4R,5R,6S)-6-(2- azidoethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran- 2,3,4,5-tetrayl tetraacetate —CH═C═CH₂ —OAc ~30% Isopropyl percacetyl fucose Isopropyl —OAc Not or detect- (3S,4R,5R,6S)-6- ed isopropyltetrahydro-2H-pyran- 2,3,4,5-tetrayl tetraacetate

Example 36 Titration Method to Determine Effective Levels of Fucose Analogs

A CHO DG44 cell line producing a humanized IgG1 anti-CD70 monoclonal antibody, h1F6 (see International Patent Publication WO 06/113909) was cultured at 3.0×10⁵ cells per mL in 30 mLs of CHO culture media at 37°, 5% CO₂ and shaking at 100 RPM in a 125 mL shake flask. Media was supplemented with insulin like growth factor (IGF), penicillin, streptomycin and either 100 μM, 50 μM, 5 μM, 500 nM, or 50 nM alkynyl fucose peracetate. Cultures were fed on day 3 with 2% volume of a feed media containing 5 mM, 2.5 mM, 250 μM, 25 μM, and 2.5 μM alkynyl fucose peracetate for the respective cultures. On day four, the culture was split 1:4 into fresh culture media. Cultures were fed with a 6% volume of production feed media containing 1.66 mM, 833 μM, 83 μM, 8.3 μM and 833 nM alkynyl fucose peracetate, respectively, on days 5, 7, 9 and 10. Supplementation of the feed media is optional. Conditioned media was collected on day 13 by passing culture through a 0.2 μm filter.

Antibody purification was performed by applying the conditioned media to a protein A column pre-equilibrated with 1× phosphate buffered saline (PBS), pH 7.4. After washing the column with 20 column volumes of 1×PBS, antibodies were eluted with 5 column volumes of Immunopure IgG elution buffer (Pierce Biotechnology, Rockford, Ill.). A 10% volume of 1M tris pH 8.0 was added to eluted fraction. The sample was dialyzed overnight into 1×PBS. The carbohydrate composition was determined using capillary electrophoresis.

Referring to FIG. 6, the results of a titration of alkynyl fucose peracetate (“Alk Fuc peracetate”) on a culture of host cells expressing h1F6 antibody and the effect on production of Ab with core fucosylation (G0). As the amount of G0 antibody produced decreased, the amount of non-core-fucosylated antibody increased.

Example 37 Non-Core Fucosylated Antibody Production in Different Culture Media

To determine the effect of different culture media on non-core fucosylated antibody production, a CHO DG44 cell line producing a humanized IgG1 anti-CD70 monoclonal antibody, h1F6 (see International Patent Publication WO 06/113909), was cultured in various media. The cells (7.5×10⁵ cells per mL in 2 mLs) were cultured in PowerCHO (Lonza Group Ltd., Basil, Switzerland) or OptiCHO (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, Calif.) media CHO culture media at 37°, 5% CO₂ and shaking at 100 RPM in a 6 well tissue culture plate. Media was supplemented with insulin like growth factor (IGF), penicillin, streptomycin and 50 μM alkynyl fucose peracetate. On day 5 post-inoculation, the culture was centrifuged at 13000 RPM for 5 minutes to pellet cells; antibodies were then purified from supernatant.

Antibody purification was performed by applying the conditioned media to protein A resin pre-equilibrated with 1× phosphate buffered saline (PBS), pH 7.4. After washing resin with 20 resin bed volumes of 1×PBS, antibodies were eluted with 5 resin bed volumes of Immunopure IgG elution buffer (Pierce Biotechnology, Rockford, Ill.). A 10% volume of 1M tris pH 8.0 was added to neutralize the eluted fraction. Production of non-core fucosylated antibody was determined as described in Example 7. The proportion of non-core fucosylated to core fucosylated antibody produced from each media was similar.

The present invention is not limited in scope by the specific embodiments described herein. Various modifications of the invention in addition to those described herein will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the foregoing description and accompanying figures. Such modifications are intended to fall within the scope of the appended claims. Unless otherwise apparent from the context any step, element, embodiment, feature or aspect of the invention can be used in combination with any other. All patent filings, and scientific publications, accession numbers and the like referred to in this application are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety for all purposes to the same extent as if so individually denoted. 

1. A method of making a modified antibody or antibody derivative having reduced core fucosylation, comprising: culturing a host cell in a culture medium comprising an effective amount of a fucose analog under suitable growth conditions, wherein the host cell expresses the antibody or antibody derivative having an Fc domain having at least one complex N-glycoside-linked sugar chain bound to the Fc domain through an N-acetylglucosamine of the reducing terminal of the sugar chain, and isolating the antibody or antibody derivative from the cells, wherein the fucose analog is selected from the group consisting of one of the following formulae (I) or (II):

or a biologically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein: each of formula (I) or (II) can be the alpha or beta anomer or the corresponding aldose form; each of R¹-R⁴ is independently selected from the group consisting of —OH, —OC(O)H, —OC(O)C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, —OC(O)C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl, —OC(O)C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl, —OC(O)aryl, —OC(O)heterocycle, —OC(O)C₁-C₁₀ alkylene(aryl), —OC(O)C₂-C₁₀ alkylene(aryl), —OC(O)C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl(aryl), —OC(O)C₁-C₁₀ alkylene heterocycle, —OC(O)C₂-C₁₀ alkenylene(heterocycle), —OC(O)C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl heterocycle, —OCH₂OC(O) alkyl, —OCH₂OC(O)O alkyl, —OCH₂OC(O) aryl, —OCH₂OC(O)O aryl, —OC(O)CH₂—O—(CH₂CH₂O)_(n)CH₃, —OC(O)CH₂CH₂—O—(CH₂CH₂O)_(n)CH₃, —O-tri-C₁-C₃ alkyl silyl, and —OC₁-C₁₀ alkyl, wherein each n is an integer independently selected from 0-5; and R⁵ is selected from the group consisting of —C≡CH, —C≡CCH₃, —CH₂C≡CH, —C(O)OCH₃, —CH(OAc)CH₃, —CN, —CH₂CN, —CH₂X (wherein X is Br, Cl or I), and methoxiran; wherein the antibody or antibody derivative has reduced core fucosylation compared to the antibody or antibody derivative from the host cell cultured in the absence of the fucose analog.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the host cell is a recombinant host cell.
 3. The method of claim 2, wherein the host cell is a Chinese hamster ovary cell.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the host cell is a hybridoma.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the host cell is grown in fed batch culture.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the host cell is grown in continuous feed culture.
 7. The method of claim 5, wherein the culture medium has a volume of at least 100 liters.
 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the culture medium has a volume of at least 500 liters.
 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the culture medium is supplemented with the fucose analog to maintain an effective concentration thereof.
 10. The method of claim 1, wherein the culture medium comprises at least two fucose analogs.
 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the culture media is an animal protein free media.
 12. The method of claim 1, wherein less than 20% of the fucose analog is incorporated into the complex N-glycoside-linked sugar chains of the antibody or antibody derivative.
 13. The method of claim 1, wherein less then 5% of the fucose analog is incorporated into the complex N-glycoside-linked sugar chains of the antibody or antibody derivative.
 14. The method of claim 1, further comprising isolating the antibodies or antibody derivatives from the culture medium.
 15. The method of claim 14, comprising purifying the antibodies or antibody derivatives using a protein A column.
 16. The method of claim 14, comprising purifying the antibodies or antibody derivatives over a cation or anion exchange column or a hydrophobic interaction column.
 17. The method of claim 1, wherein the antibody is an intact antibody.
 18. The method of claim 17, wherein the antibody is an IgG1.
 19. The method of claim 1, wherein the antibody is a single chain antibody
 20. The method of claim 1, wherein the antibody comprises a heavy and a light chain variable region and a Fc region.
 21. The method of claim 1, wherein the antibody derivative comprises an antibody Fc region and a ligand binding domain of a non-immunoglobulin protein.
 22. The method of claim 1, wherein the fucose analog has one of the following formulae (I) or (II):

or a biologically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein: each of formula (I) or (II) can be the alpha or beta anomer or the corresponding aldose form; each of R¹-R⁴ is independently selected from the group consisting of —OH, —OC(O)H, —OC(O)C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, —OC(O)C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl, —OC(O)C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl, —OC(O)aryl, —OC(O)heterocycle, —OC(O)C₁-C₁₀ alkylene(aryl), —OC(O)C₂-C₁₀ alkylene(aryl), —OC(O)C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl(aryl), —OC(O)C₁-C₁₀ alkylene heterocycle, —OC(O)C₂-C₁₀ alkenylene(heterocycle), —OC(O)C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl heterocycle, —OCH₂OC(O) alkyl, —OCH₂OC(O)O alkyl, —OCH₂OC(O) aryl, —OCH₂OC(O)O aryl, —OC(O)CH₂—O—(CH₂CH₂O)_(n)CH₃ and —OC(O)CH₂CH₂—O—(CH₂CH₂O)_(n)CH₃, wherein each n is an integer independently selected from 0-5; and R⁵ is selected from the group consisting of —C≡CH, —C≡CCH₃, —CH₂C≡CH, —C(O)OCH₃, —CH(OAc)CH₃, —CN, —CH₂CN, —CH₂X (wherein X is Br, Cl or I), and methoxiran.
 23. The method of claim 22, wherein each of R¹-R⁴ is independently selected from the group consisting of —OH, —OC(O)H, —OC(O)C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, —OC(O)C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl, —OC(O)C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl, —OC(O)aryl, —OC(O)heterocycle, —OC(O)C₁-C₁₀ alkylene(aryl), —OC(O)C₂-C₁₀ alkylene(aryl), —OC(O)C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl(aryl), —OC(O)C₁-C₁₀ alkylene heterocycle, —OC(O)C₂-C₁₀ alkenylene(heterocycle), —OC(O)C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl heterocycle, —OC(O)CH₂—O—(CH₂CH₂O)_(n)CH₃ and —OC(O)CH₂CH₂—O—(CH₂CH₂O)_(n)CH₃; and R⁵ is selected from the group consisting of —C≡CH, —C≡CCH₃, —CH₂C≡CH, —C(O)OCH₃, —CH(OAc)CH₃, —CN, —CH₂CN, —CH₂X (wherein X is Br, Cl or I) and methoxiran.
 24. The method of claim 22, wherein each of R¹-R⁴ is independently selected from the group consisting of —OH and —OC(O)C₁-C₁₀ alkyl.
 25. The method of claim 24, wherein each of R¹-R⁴ is independently selected from the group consisting of —OH and —OAc.
 26. The method of claim 22, wherein R⁵ is selected from the group consisting of —C≡CH and —C≡CCH₃.
 27. The method of claim 22, wherein R⁵ is —C(O)OCH₃.
 28. The method of claim 22, wherein R⁵ is selected from the group consisting of —CN and —CH₂CN.
 29. The method of claim 22, wherein R⁵ is —CH₂CN.
 30. The method of claim 22, wherein R⁵ is —CH₂X, wherein X is Br, Cl or I.
 31. The method of claim 30, wherein R⁵ is —CH₂X, wherein X is Br or I.
 32. The method of claim 31, wherein R⁵ is —CH₂X (wherein X is Br).
 33. The method of claim 22, wherein R⁵ is -methoxiran.
 34. The method of claim 22, wherein R⁵ is —CH(OAc)CH₃.
 35. The method of claim 22, wherein R⁵ is —C≡CH and R¹-R⁴ is —OAc.
 36. A mammalian cell culture medium for the production of antibodies or antibody derivatives having reduced core fucosylation, comprising an effective amount of a fucose analog wherein the fucose analog is selected from the group consisting of one of the following formulae (I) or (II):

or a biologically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein: each of formula (I) or (II) can be the alpha or beta anomer or the corresponding aldose form; each of R¹-R⁴ is independently selected from the group consisting of —OH, —OC(O)H, —OC(O)C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, —OC(O)C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl, —OC(O)C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl, —OC(O)aryl, —OC(O)heterocycle, —OC(O)C₁-C₁₀ alkylene(aryl), —OC(O)C₂-C₁₀ alkylene(aryl), —OC(O)C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl(aryl), —OC(O)C₁-C₁₀ alkylene heterocycle, —OC(O)C₂-C₁₀ alkenylene(heterocycle), —OC(O)C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl heterocycle, —OCH₂OC(O) alkyl, —OCH₂OC(O)O alkyl, —OCH₂OC(O) aryl, —OCH₂OC(O)O aryl, —OC(O)CH₂—O—(CH₂CH₂O)_(n)CH₃, —OC(O)CH₂CH₂—O—(CH₂CH₂O)_(n)CH₃, —O-tri-C₁-C₃ silyl, and —OC₁-C₁₀ alkyl, wherein each n is an integer independently selected from 0-5; and R⁵ is selected from the group consisting of —C≡CH, —C≡CCH₃, —CH₂C≡CH, —C(O)OCH₃, —CH(OAc)CH₃, —CN, —CH₂CN, —CH₂X (wherein X is Br, Cl or I), and methoxiran.
 37. The culture medium of claim 36, wherein R⁵ is —C≡CH and R¹-R⁴ is —OAc
 38. The culture medium of claim 36, which is free of added animal protein.
 39. The culture medium of claim 36, which is free of serum. 40.-54. (canceled)
 55. A fucose analog having one of the following formulae (I) or (II):

or a biologically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein each of formula (I) or (II) can be the alpha or beta anomer or the corresponding aldose form; each of R¹-R⁴ is independently selected from the group consisting of —OH, —OC(O)H, —OC(O)C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, —OC(O)aryl, —OC(O)heterocycle, —OC(O)C₁-C₁₀ alkylene aryl, —OC(O)C₁-C₁₀ alkylene heterocycle, —OCH₂OC(O) alkyl, —OCH₂OC(O)O alkyl, —OCH₂OC(O) aryl, —OCH₂OC(O)O aryl, —OC(O)CH₂—O—(CH₂CH₂O)_(n)CH₃, and —OC(O)CH₂CH₂—O—(CH₂CH₂O)_(n)CH₃, wherein each n is an integer independently selected from 0-5; and R⁵ is selected from the group consisting of —C≡CH, —C≡CCH₃, —CH₂C≡CH, —C(O)OCH₃, —CH(OAc)CH₃, —CN, —CH₂CN, —CH₂X (wherein X is Br, Cl or I), and -methoxiran; with the proviso that R⁵ is not —C≡CH when any of R¹-R⁴ is —OH or —Oac. 56.-66. (canceled)
 67. A method of making a modified antibody or antibody derivative having reduced core fucosylation, comprising: culturing a host cell in a culture medium comprising an effective amount of a fucose analog under suitable growth conditions, wherein the host cell expresses the antibody or antibody derivative having an Fc domain having at least one complex N-glycoside-linked sugar chain bound to the Fc domain through an N-acetylglucosamine of the reducing terminal of the sugar chain, and isolating the antibody or antibody derivatives from the cells, wherein the fucose analog is selected from the group consisting of one of the following formulae (III) or (IV):

or a biologically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein each of formula (III) or (IV) can be the alpha or beta anomer or the corresponding aldose form; each of R¹-R⁴ is independently selected from the group consisting of fluoro, chloro, —OH, —OC(O)H, —OC(O)C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, —OC(O)C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl, —OC(O)C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl, —OC(O)aryl, —OC(O)heterocycle, —OC(O)C₁-C₁₀ alkylene(aryl), —OC(O)C₂-C₁₀ alkylene(aryl), —OC(O)C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl(aryl), —OC(O)C₁-C₁₀ alkylene heterocycle, —OC(O)C₂-C₁₀ alkenylene(heterocycle), —OC(O)C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl heterocycle, —OCH₂OC(O) alkyl, —OCH₂OC(O)O alkyl, —OCH₂OC(O) aryl, —OCH₂OC(O)O aryl, —OC(O)CH₂—O—(CH₂CH₂O)_(n)CH₃, —OC(O)CH₂CH₂—O—(CH₂CH₂O)_(n)CH₃, —O-tri-C₁-C₃ alkylsilyl and —OC₁-C₁₀ alkyl, wherein each n is an integer independently selected from 0-5; and each of R^(2a) and R^(3a) is independently selected from the group consisting of H, F and Cl; R⁵ is selected from the group consisting of —CH₃, —CHF₂, —CH═C═CH₂, —C≡CH, —C≡CCH₃, —CH₂C≡CH, —C(O)OCH₃, —CH(OAc)CH₃, —CN, —CH₂CN, —CH₂X (wherein X is Br, Cl or I), and methoxiran; wherein when R⁵ is other than —CH═C═CH₂ or —CHF₂, at least one of R¹, R², R³, R^(2a) and R^(3a) is fluoro or chloro; and wherein the antibody or antibody derivative has reduced core fucosylation compared to the antibody or antibody derivative from the host cell cultured in the absence of the fucose analog.
 68. A method of claim 67, wherein R¹ is F.
 69. A method of claim 67, wherein R² is F.
 70. A method of claim 67, wherein R³ is F.
 71. A method of claim 67, wherein R² and R^(2a) are each F.
 72. A method of claim 67, wherein R¹ and R² are each F.
 73. A compound having a formula selected from the group consisting of formulae (III) or (IV):

or a biologically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein each of formula (III) or (IV) can be the alpha or beta anomer or the corresponding aldose form; each of R¹-R⁴ is independently selected from the group consisting of fluoro, chloro, —OH, —OC(O)H, —OC(O)C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, —OC(O)C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl, —OC(O)C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl, —OC(O)aryl, —OC(O)heterocycle, —OC(O)C₁-C₁₀ alkylene(aryl), —OC(O)C₂-C₁₀ alkylene(aryl), —OC(O)C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl(aryl), —OC(O)C₁-C₁₀ alkylene heterocycle, —OC(O)C₂-C₁₀ alkenylene(heterocycle), —OC(O)C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl heterocycle, —OCH₂OC(O) alkyl, —OCH₂OC(O)O alkyl, —OCH₂OC(O) aryl, —OCH₂OC(O)O aryl, —OC(O)CH₂—O—(CH₂CH₂O)_(n)CH₃, —OC(O)CH₂CH₂—O—(CH₂CH₂O)_(n)CH₃, —O-tri-C₁-C₃ alkylsilyl and —OC₁-C₁₀ alkyl, wherein each n is an integer independently selected from 0-5; and each of R^(2a) and R^(3a) is independently selected from the group consisting of H, F and Cl; R⁵ is selected from the group consisting of —CH₃, —CHF₂, —CH═C═CH₂, —C≡CH, —C≡CCH₃, —CH₂C≡CH, —C(O)OCH₃, —CH(OAc)CH₃, —CN, —CH₂CN, —CH₂X (wherein X is Br, Cl or I), and methoxiran; wherein when R⁵ is other than —CH═C═CH₂ or —CHF₂, at least one of R¹, R², R³, R^(2a) and R^(3a) is fluoro or chloro. 74-80. (canceled)
 81. A mammalian cell culture medium for the production of antibodies or antibody derivatives having reduced core fucosylation, comprising an effective amount of a fucose analog, wherein the fucose analog is selected from the group consisting of one of the following formulae (III) or (IV):

or a biologically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein each of formula (III) or (IV) can be the alpha or beta anomer or the corresponding aldose form; each of R¹-R⁴ is independently selected from the group consisting of fluoro, chloro, —OH, —OC(O)H, —OC(O)C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, —OC(O)C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl, —OC(O)C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl, —OC(O)aryl, —OC(O)heterocycle, —OC(O)C₁-C₁₀ alkylene(aryl), —OC(O)C₂-C₁₀ alkylene(aryl), —OC(O)C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl(aryl), —OC(O)C₁-C₁₀ alkylene heterocycle, —OC(O)C₂-C₁₀ alkenylene(heterocycle), —OC(O)C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl heterocycle, —OCH₂OC(O) alkyl, —OCH₂OC(O)O alkyl, —OCH₂OC(O) aryl, —OCH₂OC(O)O aryl, —OC(O)CH₂—O—(CH₂CH₂O)_(n)CH₃, —OC(O)CH₂CH₂—O—(CH₂CH₂O)_(n)CH₃, —O-tri-C₁-C₃ alkylsilyl and —OC₁-C₁₀ alkyl, wherein each n is an integer independently selected from 0-5; and each of R^(2a) and R^(3a) is independently selected from the group consisting of H, F and Cl; R⁵ is selected from the group consisting of —CH₃, —CHF₂, —CH═C═CH₂, —C≡CH, —C≡CCH₃, —CH₂C≡CH, —C(O)OCH₃, —CH(OAc)CH₃, —CN, —CH₂CN, —CH₂X (wherein X is Br, Cl or I), and methoxiran; wherein when R⁵ is other than —CH═C═CH₂ or —CHF₂, at least one of R¹, R², R³, R^(2a) and R^(3a) is fluoro or chloro.
 82. The culture medium of claim 81, which: (i) is free of added animal protein; (ii) is free of serum; (iii) is free of added fucose; and (iv) is a powder or a liquid. 83.-84. (canceled)
 85. A method of making a modified antibody or antibody derivative having reduced core fucosylation, comprising: culturing a host cell in a culture medium comprising an effective amount of a fucose analog under suitable growth conditions, wherein the host cell expresses the antibody or antibody derivative having an Fc domain having at least one complex N-glycoside-linked sugar chain bound to the Fc domain through an N-acetylglucosamine of the reducing terminal of the sugar chain, and isolating the antibody or antibody derivatives from the cells, wherein the fucose analog is selected from the group consisting of one of the following formulae (V) or (VI):

or a biologically acceptable salt or solvate thereof, wherein each of formula (V) or (VI) can be the alpha or beta anomer or the corresponding aldose form; each of R¹, R², R^(2a), R³, R^(3a) and R⁴ is independently selected from the group consisting of —OH, —OC(O)H, —OC(O)C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, —OC(O)C₂-C₁₀ alkenyl, —OC(O)C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl, —OC(O)aryl, —OC(O)heterocycle, —OC(O)C₁-C₁₀ alkylene(aryl), —OC(O)C₂-C₁₀ alkylene(aryl), —OC(O)C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl(aryl), —OC(O)C₁-C₁₀ alkylene heterocycle, —OC(O)C₂-C₁₀ alkenylene(heterocycle), —OC(O)C₂-C₁₀ alkynyl heterocycle, —OCH₂OC(O) alkyl, —OCH₂OC(O)O alkyl, —OCH₂OC(O) aryl, —OCH₂OC(O)O aryl, —OC(O)CH₂—O—(CH₂CH₂O)_(n)CH₃, —OC(O)CH₂CH₂—O—(CH₂CH₂O)_(n)CH₃, —O-tri-C₁-C₃ alkylsilyl, —OC₁-C₁₀ alkyl, and a small electron withdrawing group, wherein each n is an integer independently selected from 0-5; R⁵ is a member selected from the group consisting of —CH₃, —CH₂X, —CH(X′)—C₁-C₄ alkyl unsubstituted or substituted with halogen, —CH(X′)—C₂-C₄ alkene unsubstituted or substituted with halogen, —CH(X′)—C₂-C₄ alkyne unsubstituted or substituted with halogen, —CH═C(R¹⁰)(R¹¹), —C(CH₃)═C(R¹²)(R¹³), —C(R¹⁴)═C═C(R¹⁵)(R¹⁶), —C₃ carbocycle unsubstituted or substituted with methyl or halogen, —CH(X′)—C₃ carbocycle unsubstituted or substituted with methyl or halogen, C₃ heterocyle unsubstituted or substituted with methyl or halogen, —CH(X′)—C₃ heterocycle unsubstituted or substituted with methyl or halogen, —CH₂N₃, —CH₂CH₂N₃, and benzyloxymethyl, or R⁵ is a small electron withdrawing group; wherein R¹⁰ is hydrogen or C₁-C₃ alkyl unsubstituted or substituted with halogen; R¹ is C₁-C₃ alkyl unsubstituted or substituted with halogen; R¹² is hydrogen, halogen or C₁-C₃ alkyl unsubstituted or substituted with halogen; and R¹³ is hydrogen, or C₁-C₃ alkyl unsubstituted or substituted with halogen; R¹⁴ is hydrogen or methyl; R¹⁵ and R¹⁶ are independently selected from hydrogen, methyl and halogen; X is halogen; and X′ is halogen or hydrogen; and additionally, each of R¹, R², R^(2a), R³ and R^(3a) are optionally hydrogen; optionally two R¹, R², R^(2a), R³ and R^(3a) on adjacent carbon atoms are combined to form a double bond between said adjacent carbon atoms; and provided that at least one of R¹, R², R^(2a), R³, R^(3a), R⁴ and R⁵ is a small electron withdrawing group, or R⁵ comprises a halogen, site of unsaturation, carbocycle, heterocycle or azide, except when (i) R² and R^(2a) are both hydrogen, (ii) R³ and R^(3a) are both hydrogen, (iii) R¹ is hydrogen, (iv) a double bond is present between said adjacent carbon atoms, or (v) R⁵ is benzyloxymethyl; and wherein the antibody or antibody derivative has reduced core fucosylation compared to the antibody or antibody derivative from the host cell cultured in the absence of the fucose analog.
 86. A method of claim 85, wherein R^(2a) and R^(3a) are each hydrogen.
 87. A method of claim 85, wherein R⁵ is selected from the group consisting of —CH₃, —CH₂CH₃, —CH₂C≡CH, —CH═CHCH₃, -cyclopropyl, -oxirane, -oxirane substituted with methyl, —CH₂F, —CH₂Cl, —CH₂Br, —CH₂I, —CH═C═CH₂, —CH₂N₃ and —CH₂CH₂N₃.
 88. A method of claim 85, wherein said small electron withdrawing group is selected from the group consisting of fluoro, chloro, bromo, —CHF₂, —CH═C═CH₂, —C≡CH, —C≡CCH₃, —CH₂C≡CH, —CO₂H, —C(O)OC₁-C₄ alkyl, —CH(OAc)CH₃, —CN, —CH₂CN, —CH₂X (wherein X is Br, Cl or I), and methoxiran.
 89. A method of claim 85, wherein at least two of R¹, R², R^(2a), R³, R^(3a) and R⁴ is a small electron withdrawing group.
 90. A method of claim 85, wherein said fucose analog is selected from compounds of Tables 1, 2 and
 3. 91. A mammalian cell culture medium for the production of antibodies or antibody derivatives having reduced core fucosylation, comprising an effective amount of a fucose analog, wherein the fucose analog is selected from the group consisting of one of the following formulae (V) or (VI) of claim 85, and said effective amount is an amount sufficient to produce antibodies or antibody derivatives having reduced core fucosylation. 92.-95. (canceled) 